NATURE AND THE NATURE RESEARCH JOURNALS PRESS RELEASE
For papers that will be published online on 18 October 2009
This press release is copyrighted to the Nature journals mentioned below.
This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Cell Biology: Intravital imaging reveals regulation of metastasis
Immunology: Possible multiple sclerosis biomarker
Structural & Molecular Biology: SARS attacking the ribosome
Materials: Adding small molecules improves polymer composites
Genetics: Variants associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
Genetics: CRLF2 defects in Down syndrome-associated leukemia
Materials: Cell softness dictates sensitivity to force
Nature: Light vibrations on a chip
Methods: Visualizing the proteome
And finally...Physics: Laser recreates conditions near a black hole
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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[1] Cell Biology: Intravital imaging reveals regulation of metastasis
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1973
Activation of a specific intracellular signalling cascade determines whether cancer cells spread as single cells or as a collective unit, and whether they invade via the lymph system or blood reports a study in this week’s Nature Cell Biology. The spread of solid tumours accounts for cancer morbidity and therefore this work is of key interest for therapeutic intervention and drug design.
Erik Sahai and colleagues non-invasively visualized the movement of fluorescently labelled breast cancer cells inside living mice, using highly sensitive cameras. They found that whereas some tumour cells move alone, others move more slowly in groups. Though the cytokine growth factor TGF-beta is known to increase tumour cell motility, the team found that TGF-beta signalling is only active in singly moving cells and not in collectively moving cells. Surprisingly, both types of migration led to the spread of cancer, though to different sites. Cells lacking TGF-beta signalling moved collectively, spreading only to lymph nodes. Conversely, increased TGF-beta signalling led to increased dissemination of singly moving cells into blood, but also prevented the spread of cancer to the lungs. Therefore, the TGF-beta pathway needs to be activated for single-cell motility, but then needs to be shut off for cancer to spread to the lungs.
These findings illustrate how different cells in a tumour can have different signalling properties, and may help in the design of drugs that prevent cancer spreading from organ to organ.
Author contact:
Erik Sahai (Cancer Research UK, London, UK)
Tel: +44 20 7269 3165; E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Immunology: Possible multiple sclerosis biomarker
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1798
Small molecules of RNA are positively associated with disease relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients according to a report published online this week in Nature Immunology. These RNA molecules could potentially serve as a biomarker for MS and may have therapeutic applications for the treatment of the disease.
The short RNA molecules, called microRNAs, bind complementary regions of untranslated mRNA together and inhibit their translation into proteins. Gang Pei and colleagues found that the amount of one such microRNA, miR-326, in humans is positively correlated to a flare of MS symptoms. Notably manipulation of miR-326 abundance in a mouse model of MS could worsen or alleviate symptoms depending on whether microRNA expression was increased or decreased, respectively.
Pei and his team show that miR-326 inhibits the production of a protein known to inhibit T helper cells that produce the cytokine interleukin 17. These interleukin cells have previously been associated with MS. Measuring miR-326 amounts may therefore serve as a useful diagnostic marker. If ways can be found to inhibit miR-326 in humans, this discovery could prove useful therapeutically by reducing interleukin 17 cell numbers in MS patients.
Author contact:
Gang Pei (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China)
Tel: +86 21 5492 1371; E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Structural & Molecular Biology: SARS attacking the ribosome
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1680
A double attack by the SARS virus on host cell protein synthesis is shown in a study published online this week in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. An understanding of such host targeting mechanisms may ultimately lead to therapeutic approaches to treat SARS.
Translation is the decoding of messenger RNAs to yield a protein, carried out by the ribosome. Many viruses interfere with the host cell’s normal translation system, often requisitioning the host’s own machinery for viral protein production. The SARS coronavirus protein nsp1 is known to be able to utilize such mechanisms to suppress production of host cell proteins.
Shinji Makino and colleagues now show that nsp1 modifies both host messages intended for translation and also the ribosome itself. This indicates that SARS uses a two-pronged approach to attack host translation.
Author contact:
Shinji Makino (University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 409 772 2323; E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Materials: Adding small molecules improves polymer composites
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2565
Blends of polymers and nanoparticles that react to different stimuli, like heat and light, can be made by adding small molecules to the mixture. This simple and generally applicable approach is a step towards making such materials functional for use in industrial applications, reports a study published online this week in Nature Materials.
Ting Xu and colleagues used small molecules that are attracted to both the nanoparticles and certain parts of the polymers. This combination of small molecules, nanoparticles, and polymers, creates an ordering of the nanoparticles into complex shapes within the polymer material. The scientists then used small molecules that change either their affinity for the polymers or their own shape in response to heat or light, which means that the nanoparticle ordering within the polymers can be altered on demand.
The approach can be used in a variety of different blends to order the nanoparticles at different length scales with high precision. It also simplifies the material fabrication because the nanoparticles can be used without further chemistry.
Author contact:
Ting Xu (University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 510 642 1632; E-mail: [email protected]
[5] & [6] Genetics: Variants associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
DOI: 10.1038/ng.468
DOI: 10.1038/ng.472
Twelve new genetic variants are associated with increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), according to 2 independent studies published online in this week’s Nature Genetics. Together the studies increase our understanding of the genetic basis of SLE, but also highlight the differences in genetic risk factors for SLE between populations.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a highly variable autoimmune disease in which a person’s immune system attacks tissue in his or her own body. The disease course often cycles from relatively benign to more severe symptoms throughout a patient’s life. The prevalence of SLE ranges from 7 to 71 cases per 100,000 people in European populations and from 31 to 70 cases per 100,000 individuals in Chinese populations.
Robert Graham and colleagues analyzed the genomes of approximately 2000 patients from the United States and Sweden and identified five new susceptibility loci that are associated with increased risk of SLE. Xue-Jun Zhang and colleagues analyzed 4000 SLE patients from China and discovered 9 new susceptibility loci for SLE, with 2 loci overlapping those found by Graham and colleagues.
Author contacts:
Robert Graham (Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA) Author paper [5]
Tel: +1 650 467 9479; E-mail: [email protected]
Xue-Jun Zhang (Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China) Author paper [6]
Tel: +86 551 516 1002; E-mail: [email protected]
[7] Genetics: CRLF2 defects in Down syndrome-associated leukemia
DOI: 10.1038/ng.469
A chromosomal alteration that fuses the P2RY8 and CRLF2 genes is found in individuals with B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and ALL associated with Down syndrome (DS), according to a new study published online this week in Nature Genetics.
ALL is the most common childhood cancer, with a cure rate of 85% in children. Children with DS are approximately 10-20 times more likely to develop leukemia than non-DS children.
Charles Mullighan and colleagues report that a recurrent chromosomal deletion that leads to the P2RY8-CRLF2 fusion is found in 7% of individuals with B-progenitor ALL and 53% of individuals with Down syndrome-associated ALL. The fusion leads to elevated activity of the CRLF2 gene, which may contribute to the increased risk of ALL in children with DS.
Author contact:
Charles Mullighan (St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA)
Tel: +1 901 595 3387; E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Materials: Cell softness dictates sensitivity to force
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2563
How a cell responds to localized stresses acting on it depends on the ‘softness’ of the cell itself, reports a study published online this week in Nature Materials. This suggests that small physical forces acting on cells might have far more important roles in early developments of soft embryos than previously thought.
Ning Wang and colleagues found that individual mouse embryonic stem cells, which are very soft, spread when a small oscillating local stress is applied to one side of the cell. In contrast, cells that are tenfold stiffer do not react to the same level of stress. However when the stiff cells are artificially softened, they react similarly to the soft stem cells.
It had already been shown that the rigidity of materials that the cell attaches to have a large influence on cell response. This study now shows that how much the cell’s structure is deformed by a force is the primary factor that determines the extent of the cell’s response.
Author contact:
Ning Wang (University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 217 265 0913; E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Nature: Light vibrations on a chip
DOI: 10.1038/nature08524
A new kind of silicon-chip-based device uses light to sense and control mechanical vibrations, and vice versa. Based on ‘optomechanical crystals’, the device is described in this week’s Nature and may find many applications, ranging from various components in optical technologies to exquisitely sensitive mass sensors.
Oskar Painter and colleagues made their new device by combining two existing concepts: photonic and phononic ‘crystals’. In a photonic crystal, periodic variations of the refractive index on a length scale comparable to the wavelength of light enables the manipulation of the light passing through the structure; in a phononic crystal, a similar idea is used to control mechanical vibrations. When realized simultaneously in an artificially designed optomechanical crystal, both light and mechanical vibrations may be controlled as well as confined to a small space, resulting in a greatly enhanced light-matter interaction.
The team fabricated their optomechanical crystal in a patterned silicon-on-insulator microchip such that it has the potential to be combined with other devices in an integrated circuit. The ability to generate and couple optical and mechanical signals on a single microchip opens the way to new kinds of signal processing for photonics and electronics applications. Moreover, the sensitivity of the device’s mechanical properties to added mass could be used to measure tiny masses - for example, the mass of a single molecule of haemoglobin - with high spatial resolution.
Author contact:
Oskar Painter (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 626 395 8008; E-mail: [email protected]
[10] Methods: Visualizing the proteome
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1390
A method for counting and localizing protein complexes in the pathogen Leptospira interrogans is reported in a paper published online this week in Nature Methods.
Methods to map the locations and compositions of cellular protein complexes could lead to new insights about how they function in the context of the whole biological system. Quantitative mass spectrometry approaches can identify which proteins are present at a given time and in what abundances, but mass spectrometry is not a visualization technique. Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET), in contrast, is suited for visually mapping the location of sub-cellular structures. In a process called template matching, protein complexes in a cell can be localized by comparing their cryoET signals to those of the reference structure. However, turning the technique into a general method has met substantial limitations because the template matching approach is highly subject to making false positive matches.
Ruedi Aebersold and colleagues have now advanced the visualization of protein complexes in a cell by combining the two methods. First the researchers used mass spectrometry to select and quantify suitable protein complexes for template matching, and then used cryoET to map the locations of these complexes. To avoid false positives, the researchers developed a statistical method to score the template matches and distinguish true from false positives. This allowed them to map the location of nine different protein complexes in L. interrogans with different abundance levels and molecular weights.
Though the approach is currently limited to very thin organisms such as L. interrogans, and to detecting only relatively abundant protein complexes, further advances in cryoET technology should broaden the applicability of this ‘visual proteomics’ approach.
Author contact:
Ruedi Aebersold (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)
Tel: +41 44 633 31 70; E-mail: [email protected]
[11] And finally...Physics: Laser recreates conditions near a black hole
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1402
Lasers can be used to generate extreme states of matter similar to those produced in the vicinity of a black hole, reports a study published online this week in Nature Physics. The ability to recreate these states in the laboratory makes it much easer to study the processes that occur near black holes and other similarly massive astrophysical objects, as well as to better interpret the astronomical measurements of these objects.
Most plasmas, including those that occur in the Sun, are composed of gas atoms that have been ionized - or electrically charged - by collisions with electrons and hot gas atoms. The ionization of plasmas surrounding a black hole, however, is driven by the immense flux of photons generated as matter is sucked into the black hole. These ‘photoionized’ plasmas produce a characteristic X-ray spectrum that can is detected by satellites orbiting the Earth. But photoionized plasmas are much more difficult to produce than conventional plasmas.
To produce a photoionized plasma, Shinsuke Fujioka and colleagues use a 300 gigawatt laser to cause the implosion of a thin silicon foil. The researchers found that the shape of the X-ray spectrum from the resulting plasma was remarkably similar to those emanating from the binary stars Cygnus X-3, a black-hole candidate, and Vela X-1, a neutron star, as measured by the Chandra X-ray satellite. The results suggest that the commonly held understanding of the origin of certain parts of these spectra might be wrong - a fact that could help astrophysicists improve their models of these and similar astrophysical systems.
Author contact:
Shinsuke Fujioka (Osaka University, Japan)
Tel: +81 6 6879 8749; E-mail: [email protected]
R. Paul Drake (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) News & Views author
Tel: +1 734 763 4072; E-mail: [email protected]
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[12] Genome evolution and adaptation in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli
DOI: 10.1038/nature08480
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[13] Transcriptional analysis of intracytoplasmically stained, FACS-purified cells by high-throughput, quantitative nuclease protection
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1579
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[14] Analysis of the gamma-secretase interactome and validation of its association with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1978
[15] FLIP-mediated autophagy regulation in cell death control
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1980
[16] Topoisomerase I suppresses genomic instability by preventing interference between replication and transcription
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1984
[17] DNA damage signalling prevents deleterious telomere addition at DNA breaks
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1985
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[18] The Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing autoinducer CAI-1: analysis of the biosynthetic enzyme CqsA
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.237
[19] Coupling DNA unwinding activity with primer synthesis in the bacteriophage T4 primosome
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.236
NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)
[20] Streamlined microwave-assisted preparation of narrow-bandgap conjugated polymers for high-performance bulk heterojunction solar cells
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.403
[21] A ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex for direct imaging of DNA structure in living cells
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.406
[22] Anhydrous proton conduction at 150 degC in a crystalline metal-organic framework
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.402
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[23] Global patterns of cis-variation in human cells revealed by high-density allelic expression analysis
DOI: 10.1038/ng.473
[24] Mutations in FAM134B, encoding a novel Golgi protein, cause severe sensory and autonomic neuropathy
DOI: 10.1038/ng.464
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[25] Core formation and metal-silicate fractionation of osmium and iridium from gold
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo658
[26] Weakening of calcium iridate during its transformation from perovskite to post-perovskite
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo663
[27] Interglacial diversity
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo660
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[28] Defective survival of naive CD8+ T lymphocytes in the absence of the beta3 regulatory subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1793
[29] Structural basis of receptor sharing by interleukin 17 cytokines
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1813
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[30] Application of a quartz-crystal microbalance to measure ionic fluxes in microporous carbons for energy storage
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2559
[31] Non-entropic and reversible long-range deformation of an encapsulating bioelastomer
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2547
[32] Enhanced ordering temperatures in antiferromagnetic manganite superlattices
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2557
[33] Solution-deposited sodium beta-alumina gate dielectrics for low-voltage and transparent field-effect transistors
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2560
Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[34] PPAR-d senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2048
[35] Foxo1 integrates insulin signaling with mitochondrial function in the liver
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2049
NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[36] Enrichment of Glycopeptides for Glycan Structure and Attachment Site Identification
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1392
[37] A Chemical Platform for Improved Induction of Human iPS Cells
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1393
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[38] Self-assembled arrays of peptide nanotubes by vapour deposition
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.298
[39] Single-crystalline kinked semiconductor nanowire superstructures
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.304
Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[40] Sip1 (Zfhx1b) regulates sequential fate decisions through feedback signaling from postmitotic neurons to progenitor cells
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2409
[41] The oligodendrocyte-specific G-protein coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2410
[42] Functional consequences of animal-to-animal variation in circuit parameters
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2404
[43] Formation and maintenance of Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid plaques in the absence of microglia
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2432
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[44] Large single-molecule fluorescence enhancements produced by a bowtie nanoantenna
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.187
[45] Optical antenna thermal emitters
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.188
Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[46] A universal relationship between magnetic resonance and superconducting gap in unconventional superconductors
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1426
[47] Magnetic Mott criticality in a k-type organic salt probed by NMR
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1428
[48] Anisotropic magneto-Coulomb effects and magnetic single-electron-transistor action in a single nanoparticle
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1423
Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[49] Ago-TNRC6 triggers microRNA-mediated decay by promoting two deadenylation steps
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1709
[50] Hsp90 charged-linker truncation reverses the functional consequences of weakened hydrophobic contacts in the N domain
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1682
[51] Crystal structure of TNFalpha complexed with a poxvirus MHC-related TNF binding protein
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1683
[52] Positive selection of DNA-protein interactions in mammalian cells through phenotypic coupling with retrovirus production
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1677
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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
BELGIUM
Antwerp: 24
Ghent: 14
Leuven: 14, 40
Louvain-la-Neuve: 27
CANADA:
Calgary: 22, 28
Mississauga: 24
Montreal: 23
Ottawa: 22
Toronto: 25
CHINA
Anhui: 6
Beijing: 6, 11, 51
Chongqing: 6
Guangdong: 6
Hunan: 6
Shanghai: 2, 6, 11
Yunnan: 6
Zhejiang: 6
FRANCE
Grenoble: 12, 27
Kremlin Bicetre:
Marseille: 42
Montpellier: 16
Orsay: 48
Paris: 19
Villejuif : 14
GERMANY
Aachen: 45
Bayreuth: 26
Berlin: 40, 43
Cologne: 24
Goettingen: 40
Hamburg: 24, 27
Heidelberg: 16, 50
Jena: 24
Mainz: 44
Munich: 50
Saarbruecken: 28
Stuttgart: 30
Tubingen: 43
GREECE
Mytilene: 27
ISRAEL
Ramat-Gan: 30
Tel Aviv: 38
ITALY
Bologna: 7
Padua: 7
JAPAN
Kyoto: 4
Osaka: 3, 11
Sendai: 4
Tokyo: 47
MOROCCO
Safi: 28
PUERTO RICO
San Juan : 5
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 6, 31
SOUTH KOREA
Daejeon: 11, 12
SWEDEN
Gothenburg: 36
Lund: 5
Molndal: 36
Stockholm: 5
Umea: 5
Uppsala: 5
SWITZERLAND
Basel: 43
Bern: 27
Zurich: 10, 24, 43
TURKEY
Ankara: 24
UNITED KINGDOM
Edinburgh: 17
Leeds: 27
London: 1, 26, 27, 50
Sheffield: 21
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama
Birmingham: 5, 7
Arizona
Tucson: 13
California
Berkeley: 4
Davis: 5
La Jolla: 37, 52
Los Angeles: 15
Pasadena: 9, 51
San Diego: 23
San Francisco: 5, 17
San Luis Obispo: 31
Santa Barbara: 20, 31
Stanford: 29, 34, 44, 45, 46
Colorado
Aurora: 7
Connecticut
New Haven: 28
Delaware
Newark: 19
Illinois
Argonne: 32
Chicago: 5
Urbana: 8, 32
Indiana
Indianapolis: 8, 35
Iowa
Ames: 32
Kansas
Kansas City: 52
Maryland
Baltimore: 5, 33
Bethesda: 13, 16, 50
Chevy Chase: 18
College Park: 25
Rockville: 7
Massachusetts
Boston: 15, 35
Cambridge: 39
Southborough: 15
Waltham: 42
Michigan
Detroit: 41
East Lansing: 12
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 5, 46
Missouri
Columbia: 42
New Jersey
Princeton: 18
New Mexico
Albuquerque: 7
New York
Manhasset: 5
New York: 7, 43
Orangeburg: 43
Palisades: 27
Stony Brook: 26
Ohio
Cleveland: 41
Columbus: 7
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia: 5
University Park: 19
Tennessee
Memphis: 7
Nashville: 13
Oak Ridge: 32
Texas
College Station: 41
Dallas: 34, 41
Galveston: 3
Houston: 5, 7, 49
San Antonio: 15, 23
Washington
Seattle: 10, 41
PRESS CONTACTS
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
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Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]
Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]
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Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Biotechnology (New York)
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Tel: +1 212 726 9284; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Cell Biology (London)
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Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
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Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018; E-mail: [email protected]
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Myles Axton
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Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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