The proteomes of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

Summaries of newsworthy papers: The proteomes of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells; Curtailing cancer-induced epilepsy; Light squeezed in the search for gravitational waves; Human allergy-prone cells; Genetic variants associated with blood pressure traits and more

Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Methods: The proteomes of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells
Medicine: Curtailing cancer-induced epilepsy
Physics: Light squeezed in the search for gravitational waves
Immunology: Human allergy-prone cells
Nature and Genetics: Genetic variants associated with blood pressure traits
Methods: A miniature mass-producible fluorescence microscope
Genetics: Variants associated with atherosclerosis
Nature: Splicing together a better understanding of myelodysplasia
Geoscience: Extreme sedimentation from river cutoffs
Neuroscience: Correcting the code
And finally…Methods: Transgenic cats

Mention of papers to be published at the same time

Geographical listing of authors

PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.

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[1] Methods: The proteomes of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1699

A comparative analysis of the protein inventories of embryonic stem cells versus induced pluripotent stem cells is reported online in Nature Methods. Although the discovered variations in protein expression were subtle, the findings may help explain differences in the abilities of these cells to differentiate into diverse cell types.

Like embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can develop into any type of cell in the human body. iPSCs, though, can be generated from adult tissues, avoiding the ethical issues surrounding research and medical uses of ESCs. However, the question of whether iPSCs are biologically equivalent to ESCs remains open.

Joshua Coon and colleagues use high-resolution mass spectrometry–based proteomics analysis to assess the protein inventory of four human ESC lines and four iPSC lines. With repeat analyses, they found small but reproducible differences in protein expression between ESCs and iPSCs. Their results suggest that iPSCs retain some characteristics of the differentiated cells from which they were derived, which might bias them into developing into particular cell types.

The authors have made their data freely available in a new resource called the Stem Cell-Omics Repository (SCOR).

Author contact:
Joshua Coon (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA)
Tel: +1 608 263 1718; E-mail: [email protected]

[2] Medicine: Curtailing cancer-induced epilepsy
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2453

Blockade of a cystine/glutamate transporter can reduce glioma-induced epilepsy in mice, reports research published online this week in Nature Medicine.

Patients with brain cancers called gliomas often have seizures due to secretion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the tumor cells. Gliomas require the amino acid cystine to survive, and the cystine/glutamate transporter on tumor cells shuttles cystine into the tumor cell while simultaneously secreting large amounts of glutamate onto the surrounding brain tissue. This causes neurons in the tumor vicinity to become overexcitable, resulting in the development of seizures.

Harald Sontheimer and colleagues administer a Food and Drug Administration approved inhibitor of the cystine/glutamate transporter called sulfasalazine, which is currently used to treat patients with gut inflammation, to tumor-bearing mice. They show that the drug can prevent the increase in brain glutamate levels caused by the tumors, and can reduce glioma-induced epilepsy in mice. The findings therefore suggest a potential new therapeutic approach to reducing brain tumor-induced seizures in humans.

Author contact:
Harald Sontheimer (The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA)
Tel: +1 205 975 5805; Email: [email protected]

[3] Physics: Light squeezed in the search for gravitational waves
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2083

Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that when massive astronomical events occur, such as the explosion of large stars or the collision of black holes, they should generate ripples in the very fabric of space known as gravitational waves. These waves have yet to be observed; however, a technique that uses the quantum mechanical nature of light to improve the sensitivity of working gravitation wave detectors is reported in Nature Physics this week.

As a gravitational wave passes by through a region of space, it is expected to cause the space itself to expand and contract — much like ripples on the surface of a pond. Roman Schabel and colleagues of the LIGO collaboration hope to detect these transient ripples in space with a global network of gravitational wave observatories. Each of these observatories measures tiny variations in the distance travelled by two halves of a laser beam that has been split along perpendicular arms of a kilometre-sized instrument called a Michelson interferometer.

Unfortunately, the magnitude of the change that a gravitational wave is predicted to induce in the output of such a device is so small that it is usually dwarfed by noise generated by quantum mechanical fluctuations of its light beams. To overcome this, the authors use so-called squeezed light, which exploits a loophole in the laws of quantum mechanics that enables them to reduce the fluctuations in one characteristic of their light by increasing the fluctuations in another.
By implementing this approach in the GEO600 interferometer located near Sarstedt, Germany, the authors reach significantly higher levels of sensitivity than previously achieved in the device.

Author contact:
Roman Schnabel (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Hannover, Germany)
Tel: +49 511 7621 9169; E-mail: [email protected]

[4] Immunology: Human allergy-prone cells
DOI:10.1038/ni.2104

A new type of human immune cell that exists in gut and lung tissues that contribute to the severity of asthma and allergic responses is identified in a paper online this week in Nature Immunology.
Previously, mice were found to have innate helper immune cells that secrete substances that elicit mucous production and recruit blood cells known as eosinophils. Both these immune responses lead to parasite elimination but also trigger allergy symptoms. Hergen Spits and colleagues asked if humans also have such cells.

They identify a population of human innate cells that express the cell markers CRTH2, CD127 and CD161, which distinguish these cells from others in the lung and gut. Like the mouse cells, activated innate CRTH2+ cells elicit allergic types of immune reactions. Patients with a nasal infection, known as chronic rhinosinusitis, have higher numbers of the CRTH2+ cells.
It is not yet clear how this new subset of human CRTH2+ cells arises, but future work is needed to understand how to tame them to lessen chronic allergic responses.

Author contact:
Hergen Spits (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Tel +31 20 5664174; E-mail: [email protected]

[5] & [6] Nature and Genetics: Genetic variants associated with blood pressure traits
DOI: 10.1038/nature10405
DOI: 10.1038/ng.922

Scientists have identified genetic variants newly associated with blood pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure in individuals of European descent. Findings presented in Nature and Nature Genetics this week provide new insights into the genetics of blood pressure traits that could contribute to diagnostic and therapeutic studies.

In a genome-wide association and follow-up study in 200,000 individuals, reported in Nature, Aravinda Chakravarti and co-workers identify 16 loci newly associated with blood pressure. Of these, several are also found to be associated with blood pressure in individuals of non-European ancestry. They construct a genetic risk score that suggests an association also with blood-pressure-related organ damage and clinical cardiovascular disease, but not with kidney disease.

In Nature Genetics, Paul Elliott and colleagues identify five loci newly associated with pulse pressure and three with mean arterial pressure from a genome-wide association and follow-up study in over 120,000 individuals, including one associated with both traits that was recently associated with systolic blood pressure in east Asians. They also identify 24 loci for these two traits that are also associated with blood pressure. Their findings suggest different pathways may be involved in these blood-pressure-related traits. They constructed genetic risk scores and found these showed suggestive association also with hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease.

Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension, or high blood pressure, a condition associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The loci newly associated with these blood pressure traits suggest pathways that may be important for hypertension treatment.

Author contacts:
Aravinda Chakravarti (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA)
Tel: +1 410 502 7525; E-mail: [email protected] Author paper [5]

Mark Caulfield (Queen Mary University of London, UK)
Tel: +44 20 7882 3403; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [5]

Daniel Levy (Framingham Heart Study and National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 508 935 3458; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [5]

Patricia Munroe (Queen Mary University of London, UK)
Tel: +44 20 7882 3586; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [5]

Christopher Newton-Cheh (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 643 3615; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [5]

Paul Elliott (Imperial College London, UK)
Tel: +44 20 7594 3328; E-mail: [email protected] Author paper [6]

Martin Tobin (University of Leicester, Leicester, UK)
Tel: +44 116 229 7270; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [6]

Cornelia van Duijn (Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
Tel: +31 10 70 43394; E-mail: [email protected] Co-author paper [6]

[7] Methods: A miniature mass-producible fluorescence microscope
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1694

A completely self-contained miniature fluorescence microscope small and robust enough to be carried on the head of a mouse is reported online in Nature Methods. This microscope can be used as a portable field instrument or arranged in arrays of multiple microscopes for parallel imaging of many samples.

Considerable effort has been expended on developing portable low-cost microscopy systems for applications ranging from neuroscience to field diagnostics, but such systems have had considerable limitations. Mark Schnitzer and colleagues describe a widely applicable fluorescence microscope that weighs only 1.9 grams and is built using mass-producible parts that include everything from the light source to the optics and the image detector. Its many potential uses were demonstrated by imaging blood flow and neuronal signaling in a freely behaving mouse, by parallel imaging of zebrafish, and by counting of cultured cells and bacteria as a way to assess future utility in diagnostic applications.

The authors believe the design of the system will permit straightforward low-cost mass production. Although there is still room for improvement, the performance approaches that of standard full-size fluorescence microscopes.

Author contact:
Mark J Schnitzer (Stanford University, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 650 725 7438; E-mail: [email protected]

[8] Genetics: Variants associated with atherosclerosis
DOI: 10.1038/ng.920

Genetic variants associated with measures of atherosclerosis are reported this week in Nature Genetics. Atherosclerosis – a thickening of the artery wall typically caused by accumulation of cholesterol – often precedes coronary heart disease and stroke.

Measures of subclinical of atherosclerosis, including thickening of the carotid artery wall (cIMT) and deposits of large irregular arterial wall plaque, have been shown to be predictive of cardiovascular disease risk. Christopher O’Donnell and colleagues report meta-analyses of nine population-based genome-wide association studies, including 31,211 individuals, for cIMT and irregular carotid plaque. They replicate their findings in an additional 11,273 individuals. The team identify three genomic loci association with cIMT and two loci associated with carotid plaque. Variants at two of these regions were also associated with coronary artery disease.

They suggest that pathways involved in cell signaling, lipid metabolism and blood pressure homeostasis may influence development of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Author contact:
Christopher O'Donnell (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 508 935 3435; E-mail: [email protected]

[9] Nature: Splicing together a better understanding of myelodysplasia
DOI: 10.1038/nature10496

The first evidence suggesting that genetic alterations of the major splicing components could be involved in human pathogenesis is provided this week in Nature. An analysis of DNA from patients with myelodysplasia reveals novel pathway mutations involving multiple components of the RNA splicing machinery.

Myelodysplasia affects more than 10,000 people annually in the United States alone and is characterized by a predisposition to acute myeloid leukaemia, but the pathogenesis and genetic alterations involved are poorly understood. Seishi Ogawa and colleagues use whole-exome sequencing to explore the landscape of myelodysplasia genomes and discover novel mutations that affect multiple but distinct components of the RNA splicing machinery. Depending on the disease subtypes, the newly identified mutations are found in around 40% to 90% of patients with myelodysplasia.

Further studies are needed to fully understand the functional links between these splicing pathway mutations and the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes, and how the specific defects determine disease phenotype, the authors note. However, the current study underpins the role of aberrant splicing in myelodysplasia and suggests a novel therapeutic avenue.

Author contact:
Seishi Ogawa (University of Tokyo, Japan)
Tel: +81 3 5800 9046; E-mail: [email protected]

[10] Geoscience: Extreme sedimentation from river cutoffs
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1260

The erosion of two channels that cut off a meander bend in the Wabash River, USA, released large pulses of sediment, according to a paper published in Nature Geoscience. The sediment was deposited immediately downstream, requiring dredging to restore shipping activity.

Jessica Zinger and colleagues used aerial imagery, GPS mapping and estimates of channel bathymetry to determine the amount of sediment released in two cutoff events in 2008 and 2009. These events led to the formation of smaller channels across the neck of the river bend, providing a more direct path for river flow. They found that the amount of sediment released was a great deal larger than that released by the lateral movement of the river channel.

Author contact:
Jessica Zinger (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 217 333 1880; E-mail: [email protected]

[11] Neuroscience: Correcting the code
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2901

The pattern of activity in specific cells in brain regions responsible for spatial navigation is comparable with a novel mathematical coding scheme which allows for very accurate localization, reports a study published online this week in Nature Neuroscience.

Grid cells are a class of neurons mainly found in the entorhinal cortex, a region important to memory and navigation. These neurons respond in an unusual, repeating pattern according to where an animal is located, responding more when an animal is at certain places. For example, grid cells are likely to be important for coding where a rat is in a complicated maze, but it is unclear how this repeating pattern might help such localization.

Sameet Srinivasan and Ila Fiete’s work suggests that grid cells might be taking advantage of the same design principle that the online retailer Amazon uses to ensure accurate order fulfilment. The Amazon warehouse, unlike a store floor, does not need to keep similar items next to each other: a size 12 T-shirt, for example, might be next to books, rather than next to identical T-shirts of other sizes. This reduces the possibility of errors when packing an order following the fundamental principle that similar items should not be placed close to each other, to avoid confusion.

Similarly, the authors suggest that grid cells code locations in such a way that similar locations are placed further apart in an abstract mathematical ‘coding space’, which means the animal is less likely to mix up similar locations.

Author contact:
Ila Fiete (University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 512 232 8439; E-mail: [email protected]

[12] And finally…Methods: Transgenic cats
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1703

A paper describing methods to genetically modify the domestic cat is published this week in Nature Methods. This technology will prove important for studies in neurobiology and in disease modeling.
Genetically modified cats have so far been generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning).

But this process is very inefficient and even animals that look visually normal can have aberrations at the cellular and molecular level. Eric Poeschla and colleagues now describe methods for cat transgenesis using viral vectors to modify oocytes obtained from routine spaying procedures. They report efficient transgenesis, robust transgene expression, three healthy kittens and transmission of the modification to the next generation.

They then apply this approach to the study of AIDS-virus pathogenesis. Some animal species express factors that make them resistant to the AIDS-causing viruses of other species. The team generated transgenic cats expressing antiviral factors from the rhesus macaque and observed preliminarily that there is reduced feline AIDS virus replication in the cells of these cats. They caution, however, that whole-organism infection studies remain to be done.

This is the first report of genetic modification of gametes in a carnivore. Because of their size, complexity and susceptibility to AIDS-causing viruses, cats can be used for several types of studies that are not feasible in the mouse. The transgenesis reported in this study will increase the range of experiments that are possible in this model and may contribute to an increased understanding of both feline and human disease.

Author contact:
Eric Poeschla (Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA)
Tel: +1 507 538 1188; E-mail: [email protected]

Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time

Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)

[13] CTCF-binding elements mediate control of V(D)J recombination
DOI: 10.1038/nature10495

[14] Diffraction-unlimited all-optical imaging and writing with a photochromic GFP
DOI: 10.1038/nature10497

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)

[15] A reversibly photoswitchable GFP-like protein with fluorescence excitation decoupled from switching
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1952

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)

[16] VEGFR-3 controls tip to stalk conversion at vessel fusion sites by reinforcing Notch signaling
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2331

[17] Midbody accumulation through evasion of autophagy contributes to cellular reprogramming and tumorigenicity
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2332

NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)

[18] Chemical inhibition of RNA viruses reveals REDD1 as host defense factor
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.645

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (http://www.nature.com/nclimate)

Green status
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1226

A question of intent
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1225

NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)

[19] Genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections spanning FBN1 at 15q21.1
DOI: 10.1038/ng.934

[20] Genome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility loci for exudative age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population
DOI: 10.1038/ng.938

[21] Large-scale genome-wide association studies in east Asians identify new genetic loci influencing metabolic traits
DOI: 10.1038/ng.939

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)

[22] Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1246

[23] Sea-level oscillations during the last interglacial highstand recorded by Bahamas corals
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1253

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)

[24] Notch signaling is necessary for adult, but not fetal, development of RORgt+ innate lymphoid cells
DOI:10.1038/ni.2105

NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)

[25] Spin-filter Josephson junctions
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3116

[26] The role of nanopore shape in surface-induced crystallization
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3117

Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)

[27] Evidence for osteocyte regulation of bone homeostasis through RANKL expression
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2452

[28] Matrix-embedded cells control osteoclast formation
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2448

NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)

[29] Light-based feedback for controlling intracellular signaling dynamics
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1700

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)

[30] Thermodynamically stable RNA three-way junction for constructing multifunctional nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutics
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.105

[31] A multifunctional core–shell nanoparticle for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.149

Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)

[32] Differential roles of human striatum and amygdala in associative learning
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2904

[33] Ligand-binding domain of an a7-nicotinic receptor chimera and its complex with agonist
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2908

[34] Coordinated dynamic encoding in the retina using opposing forms of plasticity
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2906

[35] Retrieval-specific endocytosis of GluA2-AMPARs underlies adaptive reconsolidation of contextual fear
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2907

[36] Local Ca2+ detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2929

NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)

[37] The mode-locking transition of random lasers
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.217

[38] Frequency stabilization to 6x10-16 via spectral-hole burning
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.215

[39] All-optical control of the quantum flow of a polariton condensate
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.211

[40] Preparation and storage of frequency-uncorrelated entangled photons from cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric downconversion
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.213

[41] Optofluidics for energy applications
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.209

Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)

[42] Experimental control of the transition from Markovian to non-Markovian dynamics of open quantum systems
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2085

[43] Bilayer manganites reveal polarons in the midst of a metallic breakdown
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2089

Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)

[44] Derlin-1 is a rhomboid pseudoprotease required for the dislocation of mutant alpha-1-antitrypsin from the endoplasmic reticulum
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2111

[45] Protonation of key acidic residues is critical for the K+-selectivity of the Na/K pump
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2113

[46] Weak seed-pairing stability and high target-site abundance decrease the proficiency of lsy-6 and other miRNAs
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2115

[47] Competition between ADAR and RNAi pathways for an extensive class of RNA targets
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2129

GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS

The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.

AUSTRALIA
Adelaide: 3
Ballarat: 5
Canberra: 3
Crawley: 3, 5, 6
Nedlands: 5, 6
Parkville: 3
Perth: 27
Wagga Wagga: 3
Wollongong: 45

AUSTRIA
Graz: 6, 8
Innsbruck: 40
Vienna: 13, 27

BELGIUM
Leuven: 5, 16

BRAZIL
Belo Horizonte: 39

CANADA:
Toronto: 3, 5, 6, 41

CHILE
Santiago: 5, 6

CHINA
Anhui: 40
Beijing: 3
Hefei: 42

Shanghai: 21

CROATIA
Split: 5, 6
Zagreb: 5

ESTONIA
Tallinn: 5
Tartu: 5, 6

FINLAND
Espoo: 5
Helsinki: 5, 6, 8, 16
Kuopio: 16
Oulu: 5, 6
Rovaniemi: 5, 6
Seinajoki: 5
Tampere: 5, 6, 8
Turku: 5, 6, 8, 42

FRANCE
Bobigny: 5, 6
Evry: 5, 6
Marcoussis: 39
Paris: 3, 5, 6, 16, 24, 39

GERMANY
Berlin: 15, 43
Dresden: 5
Düsseldorf: 8
Freiburg: 5, 42
Goettingen: 14, 15
Golm: 3
Greifswald: 5, 6, 8
Hannover: 3, 8
Heidelberg: 6, 40
Herford: 8
Leipzig: 8
Lubeck: 5, 6, 8
Mainz: 8
Mannheim: 9
Munich: 5, 6, 8. 9
Munster: 5
Neuherberg: 5, 6, 8
Regensburg: 5
Ulm: 8

GREECE
Ioannina: 5

HUNGARY
Budapest: 3
Szeged: 3

ICELAND
Kopavogur: 5, 6, 8
Reykjavik: 5, 6

INDIA
Bhubaneswar: 25
Delhi: 3, 5
Hyderabad: 5
Maharashtra: 5
Pune: 3

IRELAND
Cork: 6

ISRAEL
Tel Aviv: 8

ITALY
Benevento: 3
Bolzano: 5, 6
Bosisio Parini:
Cagliari: 5, 8
Florence: 5, 6
Iglesias: 5, 8
Lecce: 39
Milan: 6
Monserrato: 6
Naples: 3
Pavia: 6
Povo: 39
Rome: 37
Salerno: 3
Siena: 22
Torino: 5, 22
Trieste: 6
Verona: 5

JAMAICA
Mona Kingston: 5

JAPAN
Fukuoka: 20, 27
Hamamatsu: 16
Ibaraki: 9
Kanagawa: 9, 21
Kobe: 20
Saitama: 20
Sendai: 5
Tokyo: 3, 9, 20, 21, 27
Toon: 5
Yamaguchi: 12
Yokohama: 5, 20, 26

NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 4, 6, 35, 43
Groningen: 5, 6
Leiden: 6
Rotterdam: 4, 5, 6, 8
Utrecht: 5

NORWAY
Levanger: 5
Oslo: 5

PAKISTAN
Karachi: 5

PHILIPPINES
Cebu City: 5

POLAND
Zabrze: 5

RUSSIA
Moscow: 3
Nizhny Novgorod: 3

SINGAPORE
Singapore: 5, 9

SOUTH KOREA
Ansan: 21
Busan: 3
Chungcheongbuk-do: 21
Daejeon: 3
Gyungbuk: 31
Seoul: 3, 5, 21, 31, 46
Suwon: 21

SPAIN
Barcelona: 5, 6
Madrid: 5, 27, 37
Palma de Mallorca: 3

SWEDEN
Gothenburg: 5
Lund: 3, 38
Malmo: 5, 6
Molndal: 5
Stockholm: 5, 6, 16
Uppsala: 5, 6

SWITZERLAND
Geneva: 5, 6
Lausanne: 5, 6, 36, 39, 41
Villigen: 43

TAIWAN
Taipei: 9

UNITED KINGDOM
Birmingham: 3
Bristol: 5, 6
Cambridge: 5, 6, 8, 25, 27
Cardiff: 3
Didcot: 3
Dundee: 5
Edinburgh: 5, 6, 8
Exeter: 5
Glasgow: 3, 5, 6
Hinxton: 5
Leicester: 5, 6
London: 5, 6, 8, 16
Middlesex: 6
Oxford: 5, 6, 43
Sheffield: 3
Southampton: 3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama
Birmingham: 2
Arizona
Prescott: 3
Arkansas
Little Rock: 27
California
Berkeley: 8, 13
Fullerton: 3
La Jolla: 4, 13
Los Angeles: 5, 6, 8, 9, 33
Pasadena: 3
San Francisco: 4, 5, 29
San Jose: 3
Santa Barbara: 1
Stanford: 3, 7, 34, 44, 47
Colorado
Boulder: 38
District of Columbia
Washington: 5, 6
Florida
Gainesville: 3
Tampa: 5, 6
Georgia
Augusta: 5
Illinois
Chicago: 45
Evanston: 3
Maywood: 5
Urbana: 10
Indiana
West Lafayette: 30
Louisiana
Baton Rouge: 3
Hammond: 3
Lake Charles: 3
Livingston: 3
Ruston: 3
Maryland
Baltimore: 5, 6, 8, 19, 32
Bethesda: 5, 6
Chevy Chase: 17
College Park: 3
Greenbelt: 3
Massachusetts
Amherst: 3
Boston: 5, 6, 8, 13, 17, 19
Cambridge: 3, 5, 6, 8, 17, 26, 46
Framingham: 5, 6, 8
Northampton: 23
Norwood: 6
Woods Hole: 23
Worcester: 17
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 3, 5, 6, 8, 19
Berrien Springs: 3
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 3
Rochester: 12, 33
Mississippi
Jackson: 5
University: 3
Missouri
Kansas City: 27
St Louis: 5, 6
Montana
Bozeman: 3
Northfield: 3
New Jersey
Rahway: 5, 6
New Mexico
Albuquerque: 22
New York
Geneva: 3
Ithaca: 41, 46
New York: 3, 5, 6, 16, 18, 19, 32
Rochester: 3
Syracuse: 3
Troy: 11
North Carolina
Chapel Hill: 5, 8
Winston-Salem: 5, 6
Ohio
Cincinnati: 30
Cleveland: 5
Wooster: 23
Oregon
Eugene: 3
Portland: 19
Pennsylvania
King of Prussia: 6
Philadelphia: 5, 8, 19
Pittsburgh: 8
University Park: 3
Texas
Austin: 3, 11
Brownsville: 3
Dallas: 18, 27
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Utah
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Seattle: 3, 5, 6, 8
Wisconsin
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Milwaukee: 3

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Published: 11 Sep 2011

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