This press release contains:
Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Geoscience: Cold northern European winters during solar minimum
Chemical Biology: Accessing antibiotics
Geoscience: Sediments limit arsenic contamination
Genetics: Variants associated with melanoma risk
Nature: Deciphering the mammary gland stem-cell lineage
And finally…Neuroscience: Always look on the bright side of life
Mention of papers to be published at the same time
Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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[1] Geoscience: Cold northern European winters during solar minimum
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1282
The reduction in solar ultraviolet radiation in the declining phase of the 11-year solar cycle nudges the climate in the Northern Hemisphere towards colder winters in northern Europe and the United States reports a study online this week in Nature Geoscience. If the amplitude in solar ultraviolet radiation over the cycle is four to six times larger than previously thought — as inferred from the most recent satellite measurements — foreseeable changes in solar UV radiation could help with decadal climate prediction.
Sarah Ineson and colleagues estimated the difference in solar UV radiation between solar maximum and solar minimum from satellite measurements taken between 2004 and 2007. They used these estimates to simulate the climatic response to changes in solar UV radiation of this magnitude with a climate model. The simulations suggest that during solar minimum, Northern Hemisphere climate is pushed towards a state of mild winters in Canada and southern Europe and cold winters in northern Europe and the US, which is consistent with the winter weather experienced around the Atlantic between 2009 and 2011 when solar activity was low.
In an accompanying News & Views article, Katja Matthes writes “The study by Ineson and colleagues hints at a strong effect of the 11-year solar cycle on decadal surface climate during Northern Hemisphere winter. But the findings await confirmation of the large amplitude of variability in solar ultraviolet radiation with SIM [Spectral Irradiance Monitor] measurements taken over a longer period”.
Author contact:
Sarah Ineson (Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK)
Tel: +44 1392 886868; E-mail: [email protected].
Katja Matthes (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany) N&V author
Tel: +49 3312 881582; E-mail: [email protected]
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[2] Chemical Biology: Accessing antibiotics
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.671
Understanding how bacteria synthesize common antibiotics has led to the engineered creation of an even more potent compound, reports Nature Chemical Biology online this week. The ability to manipulate this bacterial pathway should provide new options in the fight against bacteria.
The antibiotic kanamycin is commonly used in the lab as a generic reporter on the successful insertion of a new gene into a bacterium. Despite its prevalence, and the existence of several related natural products as clues to the natural synthetic process, the way in which bacteria make this compound has remained unclear.
Now Jae Kyung Sohng, Yeo Joon Yoon and colleagues report genetic and biochemical evidence that elucidate the entire biosynthetic path to this compound. Surprisingly, they find that the kanamycin family of compounds is made using two parallel pathways that are controlled by a single enzyme. By replacing this key enzyme or inserting others at the end of the path, the authors are able to alter the compound’s structure, creating bacterial routes to the clinically valuable compounds tobramycin and amikacin. They found that one engineered compound, 1-N-AHBA-kanamycin X, even showed greater activity than amikacin, suggesting that it might be an important tool in preventing bacterial infection.
Author contacts:
Yeo Joon Yoon (Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea)
Tel: +82 2 3277 4082; E-mail: [email protected]
Jae Kyung Sohng (Sun Moon University, Cheonan, South Korea)
Tel: +82 4 1530 2918, Email: [email protected]
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[3] Geoscience: Sediments limit arsenic contamination
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1283
Arsenic adsorption by sediments could help to limit contamination of deep groundwater, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience.
Increased concentrations of arsenic are common in shallow groundwater in many parts of South and Southeast Asia. But there is concern that pumping of deep groundwater could lead to the intrusion of arsenic-rich water from above. Kathleen Radloff and colleagues injected arsenic-rich water into a deep aquifer zone in Bangladesh, and monitored arsenic concentrations following withdrawal of the water. They found that the concentrations of arsenic in the withdrawn water declined by 70% compared with that injected after just 24 hours, whereas the concentration of a tracer remained constant. They attribute the decline in arsenic concentrations to adsorption on sediments.
The authors then use a model to simulate groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin, using the experimental data. The simulations suggest that adsorption of arsenic by sediments extends the area over which deep groundwater can be used with a low risk of arsenic contamination.
Author contact:
Kathleen Radloff (Gradient Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 395 5592; E-mail: [email protected]
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[4] & [5] Genetics: Variants associated with melanoma risk
DOI: 10.1038/ng.959
DOI: 10.1038/ng.958
Four melanoma susceptibility loci are reported in two studies published online this week in Nature Genetics.
Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, which are cells that produce pigment. Worldwide, there are approximately 160,000 new cases of melanoma and 48,000 deaths from melanoma every year.
David Bishop, Stuart Macgregor and their respective colleagues conducted independent genome-wide association studies and together identified four genetic regions that are associated with susceptibility to melanoma. David Bishop and colleagues analyzed the genomes of a few thousand individuals with melanoma and identified genetic risk loci at chromosomes 2, 11 and 21. Stuart Macgregor and colleagues also performed a genome-wide scan on a few thousand individuals with melanoma and discovered a genetic risk locus on chromosome 1.
Author contacts:
David Timothy Bishop (Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James’s University Hospital, UK)
Tel: +44 113 206 4573; E-mail: [email protected] Author paper [4]
Stuart Macgregor (Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia)
Tel: +61 7 3845 3563; E-mail: [email protected] Author paper [5]
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[6] Nature: Deciphering the mammary gland stem-cell lineage
DOI: 10.1038/nature10573
Scientists have traced the lineage of the mammary epithelium cells in mice during development, adult maintenance and lactation. The findings, reported in this week’s Nature, could have profound implications for our understanding of mammary gland physiology and may be instrumental in understanding the cells at the origin of breast cancers.
Transplantation studies have suggested that the mammary epithelium is maintained by the presence of multipotent mammary stem cells (cells that can differentiate into a number of different mammary cells). In a new study, Cédric Blanpain and colleagues decipher the cellular hierarchy of the mammary epithelium in mice during physiological conditions. They show that different cell lineages have specific stem cells attributed to them. These unipotent — rather than multipotent — stem cells contribute to mammary gland development and maintenance.
Transplantation studies are important to define the differentiation potential of stem cells to understand which cells are involved in development and maintenance of tissues. However, as Blanpain and co-workers demonstrate, in some circumstances these assays may not always reflect the differentiation potential of stem cells under physiological conditions.
Author contact:
Cédric Blanpain (Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium)
Tel: +32 2 555 4175; E-mail: [email protected]
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[7] And finally…Neuroscience: Always look on the bright side of life
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2949
People update their beliefs accurately only when things turn out to be better than expected, not when they're worse than expected reports a study published online this week in Nature Neuroscience. Correspondingly, neural activity faithfully encodes feedback about things being better than previously thought, but the encoding of unexpectedly negative information is much weaker.
Tali Sharot and colleagues showed people a list of adverse life-events – such as getting Alzheimer Disease, or being robbed – and asked them to estimate how likely it was that these events would happen to them in the future. After each rating, people were provided with the actual probability of each of these events. Finally, these subjects rated the likelihood of the same events again, in order to measure how feedback about actual probabilities changes people's estimates of the likelihood of adverse life events.
The authors found that people were are far more likely to change their estimations later when the feedback indicated that, in reality, they were much less likely to suffer an adverse event than they had originally estimated. In contrast, when people were told that an adverse event was much more likely that they had originally estimated, they still tended to give the original, incorrect estimate.
The authors' team also tracked brain activity during this task, and, corresponding to the behaviour, they find that activity in frontal areas of the brain faithfully tracks estimation errors when things are better than expected, but its tracking of estimation errors when things are worse than people originally thought was much weaker.
These results highlight a seemingly built-in optimism bias in the human brain, which is resistant to accurate information about the world.
Author contact:
Tali Sharot (University College London, UK)
Tel: +44 7506 751 458; E-mail: [email protected]
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[8] Active-site remodelling in the bifunctional fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatise
DOI: 10.1038/nature10458
[9] Structural basis for the bifunctionality of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatise
DOI: 10.1038/nature10457
[10] Macrophage skewing by Phd2 haplodeficiency prevents ischaemia by inducing arteriogenesis
DOI: 10.1038/nature10507
[11] Feedback from rhodopsin controls rhodopsin exclusion in Drosophila photoreceptors
DOI: 10.1038/nature10451
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NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[12] Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1989
[13] Efficacy of genetically modified Bt toxins against insects with different genetic mechanisms of resistance
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1988
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NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[14] Gene bookmarking accelerates the kinetics of post-mitotic transcriptional re-activation through the Chk1 Cdc25 pathway
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2341
[15] Hul5 HECT ubiquitin ligase plays a major role in the ubiquitylation and turnover of cytosolic misfolded proteins
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2343
[16] An actin-dependent mechanism for long-range vesicle transport
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2353
[17] Microtubules induce self-organization of polarized PAR domains in Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2354
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NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[18] A mass spectrometry-guided genome mining approach for natural product peptidogenomics
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.684
[19] The proteoglycan bikunin has a defined sequence
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.673
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NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)
[20] Direct observation of disulfide isomerization in a single protein
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1155
[21] In situ quantitative imaging of cellular lipids using molecular sensors
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1163
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NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[22] A primary microcephaly protein complex forms a ring around parental centrioles
DOI: 10.1038/ng.971
[23] Identification of low frequency variants associated with gout and serum uric acid levels
DOI: 10.1038/ng.972
[24] Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease
DOI: 10.1038/ng.952
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NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[25] Active submarine eruption of boninite in the northeastern Lau Basin
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1275
[26] Changes in North Atlantic circulation at the end of the Cretaceous greenhouse interval
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1284
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NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[27] The kinase LRRK2 is a regulator of the transcription factor NFAT that modulates the severity of inflammatory bowel disease
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2113
[28] The kinase GLK controls autoimmunity and NF-kB signaling by activating the kinase PKC-theta in T cells
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2121
[29] An IL-9 fate reporter demonstrates the induction of an innate IL-9 response in lung inflammation
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2133
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NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[30] Self-assembly of highly ordered conjugated polymer aggregates with long-range energy transfer
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3127
[31] Molecular control of quantum-dot internal electric field and its application to CdSe-based solar cells
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3133
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Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[32] A critical requirement for Hedgehog signaling in small cell lung cancer
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2473
[33] Epigenetic suppression of GAD65 expression mediates persistent pain
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2442
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NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[34] Population-specific expression analysis (PSEA) reveals molecular changes in diseased brain
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1710
[35] Mining the O-glycoproteome using zinc-finger nuclease-glycoengineered SimpleCell lines
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1731
[36] Artificial niche microarrays for probing single stem cell fate in high-throughput
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1732
[37] Surrogate reporters for enrichment of cells with nuclease-induced mutations
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1733
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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[38] Step-like enhancement of luminescence quantum yield of silicon nanocrystals
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.167
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Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[39] Ivy/neurogliaform interneurons coordinate activity in the neurogenic niche
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2935
[40] Sleep and wake modulate spine turnover in the adolescent mouse cortex
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2934
[41] Bidirectional plasticity of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2942
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NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[42] Enhanced single-photon emission from a diamond–silver aperture
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.249
[43] Efficient photovoltage multiplication in carbon nanotubes
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.250
[44] Multilevel quantization of optical phase in a novel coherent parametric mixer architecture
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.254
[45] Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.255
[46] Nearly single-crystalline GaN light-emitting diodes on amorphous glass substrates
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.253
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Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[47] Extremely strong-coupling superconductivity in artificial two-dimensional Kondo lattices
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2112
[48] Tunable metal–insulator transition in double-layer graphene heterostructures
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2114
[49] Spatial fluctuations of helical Dirac fermions on the surface of topological insulators
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2108
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Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[50] Structure and nucleosome interaction of the yeast NuA4 and Piccolo–NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complexes
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2128
[51] Two classes of silencing RNAs move between Caenorhabditis elegans tissues
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2134
[52] Crystal structures of the extracellular domain of LRP6 and its complex with DKK1
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2139
[53] Crystal structures of aprataxin ortholog Hnt3 reveal the mechanism for reversal of 5′ adenylated DNA
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2145
[54] Structure of an aprataxin–DNA complex with insights into AOA1 neurodegenerative disease
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2146
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PICTURES: To obtain artwork from any of the journals, you must first obtain permission from the copyright holder (if named) or author of the research paper in question (if not).
NOTE: Once a paper is published, the digital object identifier (DOI) number can be used to retrieve the abstract and full text from the journal web site (abstracts are available to everyone, full text is available only to subscribers). To do this, add the DOI to the following URL: http://dx.doi.org/ (For example, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng730). For more information about DOIs and Advance Online Publication, see http://www.nature.com/ng/aop/.
HYPE: We take great care not to hype the papers mentioned on our press releases, but are sometimes accused of doing so. If you ever consider that a story has been hyped, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected], citing the specific example.
PLEASE CITE THE SPECIFIC NATURE JOURNAL AND WEBSITE AS THE SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS. IF PUBLISHING ONLINE, PLEASE CARRY A HYPERLINK TO THE APPROPRIATE JOURNAL’S WEBSITE.
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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Brisbane: 4, 5
Carlton: 5
Clayton: 32
Melbourne: 4, 5
Sydney: 4, 5
Westmead: 4, 5
BANGLADESH
Dhaka: 3
BELGIUM
Brussels: 6, 10, 29
Leuven: 10
CANADA:
Montreal: 24
Quebec: 50
Toronto: 24
Vancouver: 15
CHILE
Santiago: 20
CHINA
Beijing: 43, 53
Hong Kong: 52
Jinan: 53
Nanjing: 13
CZECH REPUBLIC
Prague: 38
DENMARK
Brondby: 44
Copenhagen: 23, 35
FINLAND
Helsinki: 10
FRANCE
Bobigny: 4
Evry: 4
Paris: 4, 5
Villejuif: 4, 5
GERMANY
Berlin: 7
Cologne: 32
Freiburg: 8
Hannover: 29
Jena: 13
Regensburg: 30
GREECE
Athens: 44
ICELAND
Reykjavik: 23
IRELAND
Dublin: 44
ISRAEL
Haifa: 31
Tel-Aviv: 4
Tel-Hashomer: 5
ITALY
Cesena: 4
Genoa: 4, 5
Milan: 10
JAPAN
Chiba: 19
Kyoto: 47
Nagoya: 47
Nara: 10
Osaka: 47
Tokyo: 9, 14
Tsukuba: 48
MEXICO
Morelos: 13
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 38
Leiden: 4, 5
Nijmegen: 23
NEW ZEALAND
Auckland: 34
NORWAY
Bergen: 4
Oslo: 4, 5, 23
POLAND
Szczecin: 4, 5
PORTUGAL
Braga: 10
RUSSIA
Chernogolovka: 48
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 34
SLOVENIA
Ljubljana: 4
SOUTH KOREA
Chungnam: 2
Daejeon: 2
Kyunggi-do: 46
Seoul: 2, 12, 37, 46
SPAIN
Barcelona: 4, 5
Pamplona: 10
SWEDEN
Lund: 4, 5
Orebro: 24
Stockholm: 4, 5, 24
SWITZERLAND
Fribourg: 11
Lausanne: 10, 34, 36
Zurich: 25
TAIWAN
Taichung: 28
Taipei: 28
Zhunan: 28
TURKEY
Istanbul: 11
UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge: 16, 22
Coventry: 4
Daresbury:
Exeter: 1
Glasgow: 4
Lancaster: 48
Leeds: 4, 5
London: 1, 7, 10, 29, 41
Manchester: 26, 48, 54:
Oxford: 1, 24
Southampton: 44
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama
Auburn: 12
Birmingham: 39
Arizona
Phoenix: 5
Tucson: 13
California
La Jolla: 18, 50
Los Angeles: 24
Moss Landing: 25
San Francisco: 18, 32
Stanford: 29, 32
Connecticut
New Haven: 10
Delaware
Newark: 3
Florida
Gainesville: 26
Georgia
Athens: 19
Hawaii
Honolulu: 25
Illinois
Chicago: 21, 24
Indiana
West Lafayette: 45
Kentucky
Lexington: 50
Louisiana
Baton Rouge: 13
Maryland
Baltimore: 4, 17, 24, 32
Bethesda: 4, 5, 27
College Park: 45, 51
Gaithersburg: 4, 45
Massachusetts
Boston: 4, 5, 12, 24
Cambridge: 3, 12, 24, 24, 42, 51
Woods Hole: 25
Michigan
Grand Rapids: 5
Missouri
Columbia: 26
Kansas City: 50
Nebraska
Lincoln: 13
New Jersey
Princeton: 49
New York
Cold Spring Harbor: 14
Flushing: 3
New York: 3, 11, 20
Palisades: 3
Stony Brook: 14
Troy: 19
North Carolina
Durham: 6
Raleigh: 54
Research Triangle: 50
Oklahoma
Tulsa: 25
Oregon
Newport: 25
Portland: 25
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia: 4, 5, 23
Pittsburgh: 24
University Park: 50
South Carolina
Clemson: 13
Texas
Austin: 30
Houston: 4, 5, 28, 33
Utah
Salt Lake City: 4
Washington
Seattle: 25, 52
Wisconsin
Madison: 40
PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Rachel Twinn (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]
Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]
Ruth Francis (Head of Press, Nature, London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Biotechnology (New York)
Michael Francisco
Tel: +1 212 726 9288; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Cell Biology (London)
Sowmya Swaminathan
Tel: +44 20 7843 4656; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Elissa Bolt
Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Climate Change (London)
Olive Heffernan
Tel: +44 20 7014 4009; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Genetics (New York)
Myles Axton
Tel: +1 212 726 9324; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
Tel: +44 20 7843 4042; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
Tel: +1 212 726 9372; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Materials (London)
Vincent Dusastre
Tel: +44 20 7843 4531; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
Tel: +1 212 726 9325; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
Tel: +1 212 726 9627; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
Tel: +44 20 7014 4019; Email: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
Tel: +44 20 7843 4555; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Sabbi Lall
Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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