NATURE AND THE NATURE RESEARCH JOURNALS PRESS RELEASE
For papers that will be published online on 16 March 2008
This press release is copyrighted to the Nature journals mentioned below.
This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Medical genetics: Fresh detective approach finds new obesity genes – Nature
Vision: Perception of depth and depth of perception – Nature
Cancer: 'Lifeline' for tumour cells can be cut – Nature
Receptor crystallization speeds up – Nature Chemical Biology
Rocks on film – Nature Physics
A new drug for schistosomiasis – Nature Medicine
Adapting brain and behaviour to match the environment – Nature Neuroscience
Reining in lethal inflammation – Nature Immunology
Damage limitation – Nature Cell Biology
Finding allele-specific gene expression – Nature Methods
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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PLEASE CITE THE SPECIFIC NATURE JOURNAL AND WEBSITE AS THE SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS. IF PUBLISHING ONLINE, PLEASE CARRY A HYPERLINK TO THE APPROPRIATE JOURNAL’S WEBSITE.
****************************************************NATURE************************************************
(http://www.nature.com/nature)
[1] & [2] Medical genetics: Fresh detective approach finds new obesity genes
DOI: 10.1038/nature06757
DOI: 10.1038/nature06758
By turning the conventional method of hunting for disease genes on its head, a team of geneticists has discovered three new genes linked to obesity; unlike the standard approach, the new method could also provide information not only about which genes are linked to complex diseases but also about the mechanisms by which they exert their effects.
Traditionally, geneticists search for the DNA sequences that underlie complex conditions, such as Alzheimer’s or heart disease, by compiling lists of genetic variants and seeing which ones tend to be correlated with increased disease incidence. Unfortunately, explain researchers led by Eric Schadt in this week’s Nature, although this approach can tell you which sequences might be implicated, it usually gives little information about a genetic variant’s actual effects.
Schadt and colleagues reversed the traditional method by sorting mice into different categories of obesity, and comparing gene expression in the liver and fat tissues of these different animals versus mice of a normal weight. Their method, called a ‘molecular network’ approach, suggests that three genes — Lpl, Lactb and Ppm1l — seem to be involved in promoting obesity, creating new targets for therapeutic interventions.
In another study in this week’s Nature, a team led by Schadt and his colleague Kari Stefansson uses the molecular network approach to hunt for causal factors in human obesity. Using more than 1,000 blood samples and almost 700 samples of fat tissues from Western volunteers, the researchers show that people with a higher body mass index have characteristic patterns of gene activation in their fatty tissues that are not necessarily apparent in the blood.
Author contact:
Eric Schadt (Rosetta Inpharmatics, Seattle, Washington, USA) Author paper [1]
Tel: +1 206 802 7368; E-mail: [email protected]
Additional media contact:
Ian R. McConnell (Public Affairs, Merck & Co, Rahway, NJ, USA)
Tel: +1 908 423 3046; E-mail: [email protected]
Kari Stefansson (deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland) Author paper [2]
Tel +354 570 1900; E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Vision: Perception of depth and depth of perception
DOI: 10.1038/nature06814
Travellers admiring the scenery from the window of a train as it glides through the countryside effortlessly perceive the distance of objects in the scene even though they are not actually moving towards them. As objects on the horizon move slowly by while nearby ones flash past, the travellers experience motion parallax, a cue that gives a vivid sensation of their relative distance. A paper in this week’s Nature provides an insight into the neural mechanisms that enable motion parallax to help perception of depth by macaque monkeys.
Gregory DeAngelis and colleagues used a virtual reality system to move monkeys while they viewed motion-parallax displays simulating objects at different depths. They found that neurons in a motion-sensitive area of the monkeys’ brains (known as the middle temporal area) signal ‘near’ versus ‘far’ by combining visual motion with non-visual signals related to the animals’ own movements. The brain makes use of multiple visual cues to reconstruct a scene in three dimensions, but little is known about how most are processed — this work provides an important clue as to how one such visual cue is processed.
Author contact:
Gregory DeAngelis (University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA)
Tel: +1 585 275 8677; E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Cancer: 'Lifeline' for tumour cells can be cut
DOI: 10.1038/nature 06778
Researchers studying cancers in mice have identified a protein that is crucial for tumour survival, raising the prospect that new cancer therapies might halt tumours in their tracks by targeting this molecule.
The protein — an enzyme called endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) — is part of a complex interplay of interacting proteins that initiate and maintain the growth of tumour cells, report Christopher Counter and colleagues in this week's Nature. Although the initiation of tumours involves a host of different proteins, all activated by the known cancer gene Ras, tumour maintenance requires only the portion of the pathway involving eNOS as one of its downstream targets.
Blocking the activation of eNOS inhibits the formation and maintenance of cancers in mice, the researchers show. Thus, targeting this process, as well as inhibiting Ras, could offer a successful strategy for new drugs to tackle cancer, they suggest.
Author contact:
Christopher Counter (Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, USA)
Tel: +1 919 684 9890; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[5] Lateral presynaptic inhibition mediates gain control in an olfactory circuit
DOI: 10.1038/nature06864
[6] NAD synthase NMNAT acts as a chaperone to protect against neurodegeneration
DOI: 10.1038/nature06721
*************************************NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY ***********************************
(http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[7] Receptor crystallization speeds up
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.76
Scientists have discovered a method for generating structures of proteins that are difficult to work with, according to a paper to be published online this week in Nature Chemical Biology. The technique has major implications for drug design and in understanding the biology of these biomolecules.
Many drugs are designed to interact with receptors that sit in the plasma membrane of the cell. However, this membrane environment means that it’s very difficult to learn about the three-dimensional structure of the proteins, which also makes it much harder to design small molecules that could interact with them.
Kendall Nettles and colleagues have now discovered that introduction of mutations that keep the proteins in one configuration or another provides a much needed boost in generating structures. Use of this method allowed the authors to learn about the specific contacts between the oestrogen receptor and several known small molecules.
Author contact:
Kendall Nettles (The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA)
Tel: +1 561 799 8851; E-mail: [email protected]
******************************************* NATURE PHYSICS *******************************************
http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[8] Rocks on film
DOI: 10.1038/nphys911
The fast formation of ponds and terraces of limestone at geothermal hot springs can be used to understand the physics of the striking patterns that rocks create, suggests a study online in Nature Physics this week. This work may have even broader implications — unwanted limestone also precipitates in pipes, and similar patterns are formed by dams of leaves and other forest ‘litter’ following rainfall.
John Veysey and Nigel Goldenfeld collected photographs of the Mammoth Hotspring complex in Yellowstone National Park, USA, over two years. They compared the actual pond growths to a computer simulation that modelled the limestone precipitation in the presence of turbulent fluid flow — a mechanism different from that in most river basins, where deposition happens in regions of calmer flow. The simulated terraces agreed with data on both length-scales and timescales and the resulting patterns looked the same on all length-scales.
Author contacts:
Nigel Goldenfeld (University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 217 333 8027; E-mail: [email protected]
John Veysey (University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 217 367 7869; E-mail: [email protected]
Additional contact for comment on paper:
Øyvind Hammer (University of Oslo, Norway)
Tel: +47 22 85 16 58; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Physics to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[9] Fractional charge and quantized current in the quantum spin Hall state
DOI: 10.1038/nphys913
[10] Random organization in periodically driven systems
DOI: 10.1038/nphys891
*******************************************Nature MEDICINE********************************************
(http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[11] A new drug for schistosomiasis
DOI: 10.1038/nm1737
A new drug for the treatment of schistosomiasis—a parasitic disease in tropical areas—is reported this week in Nature Medicine.
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a chronic liver and intestinal disease caused by trematode flatworms. The newly discovered drug targets the worms’ defence against oxygen radicals, kills the parasites and reduces pathology in mice.
David Williams and colleagues screened a large library of compounds for drugs that inhibited the parasite enzyme thioredoxin-glutathione reductase, which is essential for parasite survival and helps detoxify reactive oxygen species. The most effective compound identified from the screen—an oxadiazole—killed worms of all developmental stages and was active against the three major schistosome species infecting humans. The drug was also effective at reducing the number of worms in mice and reducing pathological symptoms of infection in the liver.
The authors report that the protective effects they observed exceed benchmark activity criteria set by the World Heath Organization for lead compound development for schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis infects 200 million people, with 280,000 deaths annually and 20 million people experiencing high morbidity. Currently only one drug—praziquantel—helps to control the disease and new drugs are urgently needed before resistance to praziquantel becomes widespread.
Author contact:
David Williams (Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 309 438 2608; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Medicine to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[12] Interferon-gamma is a therapeutic target molecule for prevention of postoperative adhesion formation
DOI: 10.1038/nm1733
[13] Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent necrosis attenuates muscular dystrophy
DOI: 10.1038/nm1736
[14] Robo4 stabilizes the vascular network by inhibiting pathologic angiogenesis and endothelial hyperpermeability
DOI: 10.1038/nm1742
[15] Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy
DOI: 10.1038/nm1692
*******************************************NATURE NEUROSCIENCE ***********************************
(http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[16] Adapting brain and behaviour to match the environment
DOI: 10.1038/nn2061
Zones in a specific brain area change size depending on whether rats experience a calm or stressful environment, suggests a paper online in Nature Neuroscience this week. The observed size changes happen in a brain area involved in producing avoidance and approach behaviour.
An area deep in the brain known as the nucleus accumbens shell is subdivided into zones – stimulating a zone towards the front of the accumbens shell causes rats to seek out food and mates, known as appetitive behaviour. Stimulating a zone towards the back of the accumbens causes rats to behave as if they are scared.
Sheila Reynolds and Kent Berridge now show that the size of these zones can be changed by the kind of environment in which the rats live. Rats feel safe in quiet, dark places and when rats were placed in such an environment, the area where electrical stimulation later resulted in appetitive behaviour expanded from the front of the accumbens shell to cover the back as well. About 90% of the accumbens shell became an appetitive behaviour generating zone in this condition. The size of the area where stimulation resulted in fearful behaviour shrank considerably.
In comparison rats find loud and bright environments very stressful. When rats were placed in a well-lighted room and made to listen to loud music, about 90% of the accumbens shell became a fearful behaviour generating zone. Stimulation in most places in this area resulted in fearful behaviour, and the area where stimulation resulted in appetitive behaviour shrank to the very front of the accumbens shell.
These findings suggest an explanation for how animals adjust their behaviour to match their environments.
Author contact:
Kent Berridge (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Tel: +1 734 763 4365; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Neuroscience to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[17] Redefining the central serotonergic system based on genetic lineage
DOI: 10.1038/nn2050
[18] ALS-causing SOD1 mutants generate vascular changes prior to motor neuron degeneration
DOI: 10.1038/nn2073
[19] Compartment-specific transcription factors orchestrate angiogenesis gradients in the embryonic brain
DOI: 10.1038/nn2074
*******************************************NATURE IMMUNOLOGY ************************************
(http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[20] Reining in lethal inflammation
DOI: 10.1038/ni1577
Septic shock is an inflammatory condition often caused by infection, leads to death in approximately 50% of cases. A study appearing online this week in Nature Immunology sheds light on how the immune system normally keeps such deadly inflammation in check.
Studying experimentally induced shock in laboratory mice, Bing Sun and colleagues found that key immune signals responsible for the inflammatory conditions that lead to septic shock are normally controlled by a protein called TRIM30-alpha, which itself is produced by immune cells during the initial stages of an inflammatory process. By functioning after inflammation begins TRIM30-alpha limits inflammation rather than prevents it from occurring. This is critical because beneficial amounts of inflammation are often required to fight infections.
This work uncovers a new immune mechanism for dampening inflammation. And although this study focuses on factors that regulate inflammation in laboratory mice, the findings point the way toward finding similar negative regulators in humans.
Author contact:
Bing Sun (Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, China)
Tel: +86 21 6385 1927; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Immunology to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[21] Regulation of T cell survival through coronin-1–mediated generation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and calcium mobilization after T cell receptor triggering
DOI: 10.1038/ni1570
[22] TNF activates an IRF1-dependent autocrine loop leading to sustained expression of chemokines and STAT1-dependent type I interferon–response genes
DOI: 10.1038/ni1576
*******************************************NATURE CELL BIOLOGY ************************************
(http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[23] Damage limitation
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1709
A key regulator of the DNA damage response is directly activated by the transcription factor FOXO3a — a protein known to regulate the cell cycle and cell death — according to a study published this week in Nature Cell Biology. The results provide crucial implications for research into ageing and cancer.
All cells are subject to the relentless bombardment with from environmental stresses that damage DNA, such as UV light, ionizing radiation and various chemicals. Mammalian cells have developed intricate systems both to repair the resulting damage and to stop the proliferation of damaged cells to allow for repair or the destruction of irreversibly damaged cells. Cells that escape these safeguards undergo genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. Two key regulators of this DNA damage response are the FOXO family, which regulates the cell cycle and cell death, and a protein kinase known as ATM, which orchestrates the recruitment of DNA repair proteins at sites of damage. How ATM is activated by various flavours forms of DNA damage is an area of intense study.
Mickey Hu and colleagues, have now uncovered a direct connection between these two key regulators of the DNA damage response. One particular FOXO family member, FOXO3a, specifically binds to ATM, leading to its activation. Inhibition of FOXO3a blocks activation of ATM and hence the DNA damage response programme. Although it remains unclear how exactly FOXO3a is itself activated by DNA damage, these results connect two key players in this crucial safety mechanism, with implications for research into ageing and cancer.
Author contact:
Mickey Hu (University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 713 792 3678; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Cell Biology to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[24] Sirt1 contributes critically to the redox-dependent fate of neural progenitors
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1700
[25] Inn1 couples contraction of the actomyosin ring to membrane ingression during cytokinesis in budding yeast
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1701
[26] Drosophila short neuropeptide F signalling regulates growth by ERK-mediated insulin signalling
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1710
[27] Monoubiquitinated H2B is associated with the transcribed region of highly expressed genes in human cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1712
[28] Drosophila STAT is required for directly maintaining HP1 localization and heterochromatin stability
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1713
********************************************NATURE METHODS******************************************
(http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[29] Finding allele-specific gene expression
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1194
Scientists have developed a genome-wide technique to identify whether a person is expressing genetic information from their mother or father. The assay is presented online in this week’s Nature Methods.
A mammalian genome contains two copies per gene, one allele from the father, the other from the mother. But often the organism does not need the products from both genes, especially during development and therefore one copy is silenced, a process known as imprinting.
Bing Ren and colleagues devised an assay that allows the genome-wide interrogation of gene expression to determine which of the two alleles is being expressed. The researchers start with a method called chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which fishes out areas of the genome that bind to proteins responsible for transcription and are therefore likely to be expressed. Then they determine which of the two alleles they isolated by interrogating the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on microarrays.
This combination of ChIP and SNP will allow not only the discovery of new imprinted genes across the genome, but also permit a closer look at the mechanism of allele-specific expression.
Author contact:
Bing Ren (University of California, San Diego, USA)
Tel: +1 858 822 5766; E-mail: [email protected]
Other papers from Nature Methods to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[30] A quantitative analysis software tool for mass spectrometry–based proteomics
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1195
[31] Direct measurement of protein dynamics inside cells using a rationally designed photoconvertible protein
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1193
[32] In vivo immunogold labeling confirms large-scale chromatin folding motifs
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1196
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[33] Pattern of lobate scarps on Mercury’s surface reproduced by a model of mantle convection
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo152
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphton)
[34] Nanometre-scale germanium photodetector enhanced by a near-infrared dipole antenna
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.30
[35] High-throughput silicon nanophotonic wavelength-insensitive switch for on-chip optical networks
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.31
[36] Optical antennas direct single-molecule emission
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.32
[37] Colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with metal-oxide charge transport layers
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.34
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[38] Ru–Pt core–shell nanoparticles for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2156
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[39] A mutation in human cytochrome c enhances the intrinsic apoptotic pathway but causes only thrombocytopenia
DOI: 10.1038/ng.103
[40] Transient-mediated fate determination in a transcriptional circuit of HIV
DOI: 10.1038/ng.116
[41] Highly effective SNP-based association mapping and management of recessive defects in livestock
DOI: 10.1038/ng.96
Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[42] GW182 interaction with Argonaute is essential for miRNA-mediated translational repression and mRNA decay
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1405
[43] Roles of the Clr4 methyltransferase complex in nucleation, spreading and maintenance of heterochromatin
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1406
[44] Reciprocal regulation of the Ca2+ and H+ sensitivity in the SLO1 BK channel conferred by the Rck1 domain
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1398
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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
BELGIUM
Ciney: 41
Liege: 41
CHINA
Hangzhou: 20
Shanghai: 20
DENMARK
Frederiksberg: 41
FRANCE
Illkirch: 1
Paris: 39
Saint Quentin: 39
GERMANY
Berlin: 24
Bonn: 24
Goettingen: 43
Heidelberg: 25
Jena: 44
Tubingen: 42
ICELAND
Reykjavik: 2
ISRAEL
Rehovot: 27
ITALY
Milan: 41
JAPAN
Hokkaido: 31
Hyogo: 12
Iwate: 14
Saitama: 12, 31
Tokyo: 12
NETHERLANDS
Enschede: 36
Wageningen: 41
NEW ZEALAND
Christchurch: 39
Dunedin: 39
NORWAY
Aas: 41
Kjeller:
Oslo:
RUSSIA
Moscow: 32
SOUTH KOREA
Chungnam: 26
Daejeon: 26
Seoul: 14
SPAIN
Barcelona: 36
SWEDEN
Sodertalje: 14
SWITZERLAND
Basel: 21
Lausanne: 13
UNITED KINGDOM
London: 14, 41
Manchester: 25
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Arkansas
Jefferson: 25
Little Rock: 25
California
La Jolla: 14, 18, 29, 30, 40
Livermore: 7
Los Angeles: 1, 14
Palo Alto: 15
San Diego: 29
San Francisco: 19
Stanford: 9, 15, 34
Connecticut
New Haven: 7
Florida
Gainesville: 15
Jupiter: 7
Miami: 6
Illinois
Argonne: 7
Chicago: 7, 17, 32
Normal: 11
Urbana: 7, 8, 32
Maryland
Bethesda: 11, 14, 43
College Park: 38
Massachusetts
Boston: 5, 14, 17
Cambridge: 37
Charlestown: 19
Waltham: 19
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 16, 25
Missouri
St Louis: 3, 4
New Jersey
Rahway: 1, 2
New York
New York: 10, 22, 27
Rochester: 3, 18, 28
Yaphank: 32
Yorktown Heights: 35
North Carolina
Durham: 4
Ohio
Cincinnati: 13
Cleveland: 17
Pennsylvania
Haverford: 10
Philadelphia: 13, 44
Rhode Island
Providence: 26
Tennessee
Knoxville: 40
Oak Ridge: 40
Texas
Dallas: 6
Houston: 6, 23
Utah
Salt Lake City: 14
Virginia
Blacksburg: 33
Washington
Seattle: 1, 2
Wisconsin
Madison: 38
PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Katherine Anderson (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4502; E-mail: [email protected]
Ruth Francis (Senior Press Officer, Nature, London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Cell Biology (London)
Bernd Pulverer
Tel: +44 20 7843 4892; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Andrea Garvey
Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Genetics (New York)
Orli Bahcall
Tel: +1 212 726 9311; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
Tel: +44 20 7843 4042; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
Tel: +1 212 726 9372; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Materials (London)
Alison Stoddart
Tel: +44 20 7843 4593; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
Tel: +1 212 726 9325; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Allison Doerr
Tel: +1 212 726 9393; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Sandra Aamodt (based in California)
Tel: +1 530 795 3256; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo))
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
Tel: +44 20 7843 4555; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Michelle Montoya
Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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