NATURE AND THE NATURE RESEARCH JOURNALS PRESS RELEASE
For papers that will be published online on 14 March 2010
This press release is copyrighted to the Nature journals mentioned below.
This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Photonics: Yagi–Uda antenna on the nanoscale
Chemical Biology: Morphine demystified
Biotechnology: Building resistance against plant pathogens
Methods: Imaging a mouse on the inside
Neuroscience: The rewards of psychopathy
Medicine: Only half asleep
Cell Biology: Regulating p53 activity in cancer cells
Methods: How Salmonella corrupt their host
Geoscience: Southern Ocean surface mixing controlled by circumpolar winds
Genetics: Mutations in PHF6 found in T-cell leukemia
Nature: Getting fat at the right places
Methods: Want to examine a single cell? Go to a pool
And finally…Nature: ‘Wasabi receptor’ link to snake sixth sense
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
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[1] Photonics: Yagi–Uda antenna on the nanoscale
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.34
A nanoscale version of a classic 80-year-old radio antenna known as Yagi–Uda — after its Japanese creators — has been developed for use with light waves, as reported online in Nature Photonics. The nano-antenna could be used to enhance both the emission and detection of light from nanoscale sources such as individual molecules and semiconductor quantum dots. This could lead to more efficient sensing and spectroscopy, as well as improved sources for quantum information processing.
Rooftops around the world are graced with the classic Yagi–Uda antenna, consisting of several parallel metal rods, which pick up radiowaves. Traditionally these were used to pick up radar and radio signals but today more commonly send information to our television screens. Yutaka Kadoya and colleagues create a nano-antenna that consists of five gold nanorods, with a geometry and spacing carefully designed to interact with red light of wavelength 632 nm, allowing highly directional control of light at this wavelength.
Given the great success of its radiowave ancestor, the nanoscale Yagi–Uda antenna is expected to find many applications in the optical domain.
Author contact:
Yutaka Kadoya (Hiroshima University, Japan)
Tel: +81 82 424 7651; E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Chemical Biology: Morphine demystified
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.317
The two missing enzymes needed to make morphine in plants are revealed in a paper online this week in, Nature Chemical Biology. This finding will enable increased production of this important painkiller and its chemical relatives.
Morphine is created in opium poppy in a long series of steps, but the enzymes needed to catalyze two ‘demethylation’ steps – in which a methyl group (or ‘CH3’) is removed from a molecule – are currently unknown. Jillian Hagel and Peter Facchini now use a mutant plant as a starting point for their enzymatic detective work. Unexpectedly, the two enzymes they identify are part of a group of enzymes known as dioxygenases that have important roles in epigenetics.
This finding completes the biosynthetic path to this important medicine and so should allow biotechnological strategies to optimize production of morphine as well as to redirect the path to morphine towards related compounds such as codeine and oxycodone.
Author contact:
Peter Facchini (University of Calgary, Canada)
Tel: +1 403 220 7651; Email: [email protected]
[3] Biotechnology: Building resistance against plant pathogens
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1613
Transferring a single gene from a wild plant to disease-susceptible members of the tomato and potato family may make them resistant to a range of agricultural pathogens. If the results, published online this week in Nature Biotechnology, can be more generally duplicated, it would help in preventing massive crop losses while avoiding the environmental, health and financial costs associated with using pesticides.
Most plants possess both general and very specific mechanisms to combat the range of microbial pathogens encountered. However, the ability to resist a particular pathogen often varies from species to species. One approach to create pathogen resistant crops has involved making them express specific receptors that trigger a defense response once activated by molecules particular to the pest of interest. But this resistance usually breaks down in field-grown crops as the pathogen finds ways to outwit the plant.
Cyril Zipfel and colleagues focused on an immune receptor that is activated by a factor present in many bacterial pathogens. This pattern recognition receptor (PRR)—from a wild species belonging to the mustard family—is not found in the potato, tomato, or tobacco family. When Zipfel and colleagues express the gene in tomato and a close relative of the tobacco plant, the plants were more resistant to pathogens from four different families of bacteria which cause bacterial wilt, bacterial spot and crown gall disease. Since PRR targets are usually essential for pathogen viability, this methodology may make it more difficult for bacteria to circumvent crop resistance.
Field trials are needed to see whether the PRR strategy indeed provides more durable resistance than current methods.
Author contact:
Cyril Zipfel (The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK)
Tel: +44 1603 450056; E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Methods: Imaging a mouse on the inside
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1440
High-resolution endoscopic imaging of the mouse gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts is presented in a study published this week in Nature Methods. This methodology should prove useful for the longitudinal study of mucosal surfaces in live animals.
The inner surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are in constant contact with potentially noxious material—such as pathogens and toxins—from the outside environment. Proper function of these cellular barriers is therefore important for the maintenance of health and homeostasis, and imaging them in small animal models could provide insight into disease.
Until now, wide-area endoscopic imaging in small animals, like the mouse, has proved challenging to do with high enough resolution to visualize individual cells. In this paper, Yun and colleagues report on a side-view endoscope that is easily maneuvered in small animals and that they use to image blood vessels and cells in the mouse gut and respiratory tract. Using mouse models of colorectal cancer, they monitor the initiation of tumor growth and progression over time.
Author contact:
Seok (Andy) Yun (Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 724 6152; E-mail: [email protected]
[5] Neuroscience: The rewards of psychopathy
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2510
Psychopathic traits in normal individuals are associated with increased release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in response to pharmacological and monetary rewards. These results, published online this week in Nature Neuroscience, suggest that the impulsivity, antisocial behavior and substance abuse associated with psychopathy might be due to hyper-reactivity of the dopaminergic reward system.
Joshua Buckholtz and colleagues measured a range of psychopathic traits in a group of volunteers. They also measured dopamine release and brain activation in the nucleus accumbens—an area where in animal studies has been linked to impulsive and aggressive traits of substance abuse. The scientists found that dopamine release in response to amphetamine administration was correlated with the individual scores on the impulsive-antisocial aspect of the trait scores. This score was also correlated with brain activation in anticipation of a monetary reward.
It has previously been suggested that psychopathy is a deficiency of emotion, with research emphasizing deficits in fear processing and empathy and the brain pathways thought to underlie these functions. These results suggest another important neural mechanism of the disease which may be particularly related to the problems of substance abuse that are associated with psychopathy.
Author contact:
Joshua Buckholtz (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA)
Tel: +1 240 506 6697; E-mail: [email protected]
[6] Medicine: Only half asleep
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2111
The AIDS virus actively replicates and drives immune activation even in patients on antiretroviral therapy, according to a report in this week’s Nature Medicine.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in durable suppression of the AIDS virus (HIV-1), but HIV-1 replication resumes if therapy is interrupted. Active viral replication is generally thought to stop in patients on HAART, though immune activation and inflammation continue at abnormal levels, suggesting continued, low-level viral replication.
Javier Martinez-Picado and his colleagues assessed whether active HIV-1 replication persists in patients on HAART and whether this is what drives immune activation. By intensifying treatment with an extra antiretroviral drug that prevents HIV replication products from integrating into the genome, the scientists were able to detect a specific and transient increase in HIV-1 replication products in a large percentage of patients on HAART.
Importantly, immune activation was higher in these subjects before the addition of the extra drug and was normalized after intensification. These results indicate that, despite suppressive HAART, active replication persists in some patients and drives immune activation. Intensification regimens that target this active replication may therefore accelerate the decay of the HIV-1 reservoirs that persist in HAART-treated patients.
Author contact:
Javier Martínez-Picado (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain)
Tel: +34 93 465 6374; E-mail: [email protected]
Geoffroy Lerosey (CNRS - ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France) N&V author
E-mail: [email protected]
[7] Cell Biology: Regulating p53 activity in cancer cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2038
The protein BRD7 activates p53 and could therefore suppress the development of cancerous tumours, reports a study online in Nature Cell Biology this week. The transcription factor p53 is a critically important tumour suppressor protein, as inactivation of the p53 pathway contributes to the development of cancer.
BRD7 expression is frequently lost in breast cancer, but it is currently not clear how BRD7 might inhibit tumour formation. Reuven Agami and colleagues show that BRD7 binds to and activates p53. BRD7 also regulates chromatin structure at p53-target genes, enabling more efficient transcription at these sites. As such, BRD7 loss permits oncogenic transformation of cultured human cells.
The researchers analyzed over two hundred human breast cancer samples and found that BRD7 expression was lost only in those tumours that contained functional p53. These findings suggest that selective BRD7 loss in human cancers provides an additional means of silencing the p53 pathway, and provide insight into how p53 transcriptional activity is regulated.
Author contact:
Reuven Agami (The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Tel: +31 20 512 2079; E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Methods: How Salmonella corrupt their host
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1437
A technique to label proteins that the pathogen Salmonella enterica injects into host cells is published online this week in Nature Methods. This will shed light on the function of these proteins and point to ways in which Salmonella infection may be prevented. Knowing exactly when and where pathogens use their proteins will be important information in conquering them.
Salmonella are pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis and typhoid fever in humans. This bacterial pathogen enters the host cell by first injecting some of its proteins into the host which then allow the whole bacterium to gain entry into the host. Once inside, a second wave of bacterial proteins is injected into the interior of the host cell, aiding in the proliferation of the bacteria. The timing and location of the second wave of proteins is tightly regulated by the bacteria.
To follow these proteins Amy Palmer and colleagues tagged them with part of a fluorescent protein that only starts to glow when it is complemented with the other part of the same fluorescent protein that is expressed in the host cells. This protein complementation assay allows the researchers to follow several Salmonella proteins after injection into the live host cell and to visualize how they co-opt the cellular machinery for their own purposes.
Author contact:
Amy Palmer (University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 492 5894; E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Geoscience: Southern Ocean surface mixing controlled by circumpolar winds
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo812
Changes in the strength of the winds that circle Antarctica lead to changes in the depth of the mixed surface layer of the Southern Ocean, concludes a study online this week in Nature Geoscience.
The mixed surface ocean is a crucial link between the atmosphere and the deeper layers of the ocean, and its depth can affect air–sea exchange, carbon and heat storage in the ocean, as well as biological productivity.
Jean-Baptiste Sallée and colleagues analysed temperature and salinity measurements to show that an intensification in the wind system that circles around the South Pole leads to deeper mixed layers in the eastern Indian and central Pacific oceans. By contrast, in the western parts of these ocean basins, the surface mixed layer becomes shallower. The researchers suggest that this asymmetry can be explained by small deviations from the circular wind patterns, and their effect on the heat flux between ocean and atmosphere.
In an accompanying News & Views, Sarah Gille says “Sallée and colleagues provide important ground truth for assessing the sensitivity of the depth of the Southern Ocean’s mixed layer to climate change.”
Author contact:
Jean-Baptiste Sallée (CSIRO-CMAR/CAWCR, Tasmania, Australia)
Tel: +61 3 62 325 074; E-mail: [email protected]
Sarah Gille (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA) N&V author
Tel: +1 858 822 4425; E-mail: [email protected]
[10] Genetics: Mutations in PHF6 found in T-cell leukemia
DOI: 10.1038/ng.542
The X chromosome gene PHF6 is frequently mutated in a certain type of leukemia according to a study published online this week in Nature Genetics. The work identifies PHF6 as a new X-linked gene involved in the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
T-ALL is an aggressive type of blood cancer that is three times more common in males than females. It results from the uncontrolled growth of T-cells – a type of white blood cell that is a part of the body’s immune system. Overall, leukemia affects approximately 300,000 people worldwide, with about 10% of those cases classified as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 30% of ALL cases classified as T-ALL.
Adolfo Ferrando and colleagues sequenced genes on the X chromosome of tumour samples from 12 males with T-ALL and identified three tumour-specific mutations in the PHF6 gene. The authors also analyzed X-chromosome genes in tumours from another 246 T-ALL patients and found deletions covering the PHF6 gene in 3% of samples. Finally, the authors looked at PHF6 in an additional panel of 131 T-ALL patients and found mutations in 38% of adult and 16% of child T-ALL samples. No mutations in PHF6 were found in 62 cases of B-cell ALL, the other type of ALL.
Author contact:
Adolfo Ferrando (Columbia University, New York, NY, USA)
Tel: +1 212 851 4611; E-mail: [email protected]
[11] Nature: Getting fat at the right places
DOI 10.1038/nature08945
A newly discovered role for the protein vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) could open up new ways to modulate pathological lipid accumulation. The find is reported in this week’s Nature.
VEGF-B has an unexpected role in the targeting of lipids to peripheral tissues, Ulf Eriksson and colleagues show. It controls lipid uptake by regulating the expression of vascular fatty acid transport proteins. Lipid uptake via this route seems tightly coupled to its use by mitochondria. Mice that do not have VEGF-B accumulate fewer lipids in muscle, heart and brown adipose tissue — tissues with a high energy requirement — but instead shunt them to white adipose tissue. These findings may open up new ways to control lipid accumulation.
The involvement of a VEGF family member in fatty acid uptake is surprising as these proteins are thought to be involved in endothelial cell physiology, angiogenesis and vascular remodelling.
Author contact:
Ulf Eriksson (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden)
Tel: +46 852 487 109; E-mail: [email protected]
[12] Methods: Want to examine a single cell? Go to a pool
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1442
Though cells within a tissue may seem identical, the gene expression in each cell differs, and this heterogeneity impacts the function of the tissue as a whole. A report, published online this week in Nature Methods, describes an approach to unravel these molecular expression patterns in cells.
Cell-to-cell variation in gene and protein expression often drives the development and function of a tissue, but one cannot observe these single cell differences in population-wide analyses. Analyzing individual cells would be an option, but this is difficult because most single cells do not yield enough material for molecular analysis. Moreover, it can be difficult to know whether fluctuations in expression are due to real biological heterogeneity or experimental noise.
With a strategy called stochastic profiling, Joan Brugge and her team provide a solution for single-cell profiling. Instead of isolating just one cell, they randomly dissect pools of ten cells, which gives them enough material to analyze gene expression. Heterogeneously expressed genes will have a wider expression distribution in the pool than genes that are expressed at the same level in every cell, thus allowing the identification of genes with varying expression patterns between cells. The researchers demonstrate the power of stochastic profiling by investigating a three-dimensional culture of breast epithelial cells and identify several molecular pathways, such as oxidative stress response, that differ from cell to cell. Once such pathways are identified, the fluctuations that influence the development of healthy and diseased tissue can be investigated.
Author contact:
Joan Brugge (Harvard Medical School, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 432 3974; E-mail: [email protected]
[13] And finally…Nature: ‘Wasabi receptor’ link to snake sixth sense
DOI 10.1038/nature08943
A molecular explanation for the snake’s sixth sense — the ability to detect infrared radiation — is revealed in this week's Nature.
Snakes use infrared radiation to generate ‘thermal images’ of predators or prey, but the underlying physiology has been unclear. David Julius and colleagues now show that pit-bearing snakes, such as vipers, pythons and boas, detect infrared via the snake orthologue of the ‘wasabi receptor’, an ion channel that becomes activated by heat. The receptor, called TRPA1, is found on the sensory nerve fibres that innervate the pit organ, the highly specialized facial structure that initially detects radiant heat.
The study suggests that infrared detection is thermal rather than photochemical as some had suggested. It also extends the sensory repertoire of the TRPA1 family of proteins, already known to detect chemical irritants in mammals and thermal variations in insects.
Author contact:
David Julius (University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 415 476 0431; E-mail: [email protected]
******************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[14] The dynamic genome of Hydra
DOI: 10.1038/nature08830
[15] Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKCbI controls demethylation at histone H3K4
DOI: 10.1038/nature08839
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[16] V3D enables real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of large-scale biological image data sets
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1612
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[17] Molecular control of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics and chromosome oscillations
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2033
[18] Protein complexes containing CYFIP/Sra/PIR121 coordinate Arf1 and Rac1 signalling during clathrin–AP-1-coated carrier biogenesis at the TGN
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2034
[19] Ubiquitin hydrolase Dub3 promotes oncogenic transformation by stabilizing Cdc25A
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2041
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[20] Potent and selective photo-inactivation of proteins with peptoid-ruthenium conjugates
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.333
[21] Robust processivity of myosin-V under off-axis loads
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.322
NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)
[22] Loading and selective release of cargo in DNA nanotubes with longitudinal variation
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.575
[23] Face-directed self-assembly of an electronically active Archimedean polyoxometalate architecture
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.581
[24] Synergistic organocatalysis in the kinetic resolution of secondary thiols with concomitant desymmetrization of an anhydride
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.584
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[25] Genome-wide association study for ulcerative colitis identifies risk loci at 7q22 and 22q13 (IL17REL)
DOI: 10.1038/ng.553
[26] Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci
DOI: 10.1038/ng.549
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[27] Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved-iron inventory
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo818
[28] Heterogeneous nucleation of ice particles on glassy aerosols under cirrus conditions
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo817
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[29] CD169+ macrophages present lipid antigens to mediate early activation of iNKT cells in lymph nodes
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1853
[30] An intravascular immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi involves Kupffer cells and iNKT cells
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1855
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[31] Bandgap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2710
[32] Nanoconfinement controls stiffness, strength and mechanical toughness of beta-sheet crystals in silk
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2704
[33] High-performance lithium-ion anodes using a hierarchical bottom-up approach
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2725
Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[34] Tumor cell-specific bioluminescence platform to identify stroma-induced changes to anticancer drug activity
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2112
NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[35] Fluorescence fluctuations of quantum-dot sensors capture rapid intracellular protein interaction dynamics
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1441
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[36] Three-dimensional tissue culture based on magnetic cell levitation
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.23
[37] Kinetics of antimicrobial peptide activity measured on individual bacterial cells using high-speed atomic force microscopy
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.29
[38] Complex self-assembled patterns using sparse commensurate templates with locally varying motifs
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.30
[39] Optical heating and rapid transformation of functionalized fullerenes
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.35
Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[40] Visual cortex is rendered impervious to the effects of sensory experience or deprivation by the loss of Arc
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2508
[41] Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are required for the maintenance of DNA methylation and synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2514
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[42] Nonlinear self-filtering of noisy images via dynamical stochastic resonance
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.31
[43] Measuring the light emission profile in organic light-emitting diodes with nanometre spatial resolution
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.32
Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[44] Controlling the state of quantum spins with electric currents
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1616
[45] Band dispersion in the deep 1s core level of graphene
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1615
[46] Experimental demonstration of a hyper-entangled ten-qubit Schrödinger cat state
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1603
[47] A Rydberg quantum simulator
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1614
Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[48] An extracellular steric seeding mechanism for Eph-ephrin signaling platform assembly
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1782
[49] Dynamic changes in histone acetylation regulate origins of DNA replication
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1780
[50] Conformational change of flagellin for polymorphic supercoiling of the flagellar filament
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1774
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