NATURE AND THE NATURE RESEARCH JOURNALS PRESS RELEASE
For papers that will be published online on 22 February 2009
This press release is copyrighted to the Nature journals mentioned below.
This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Structural & Molecular Biology: Antibodies that neutralize multiple flu strains
Materials: Body-friendly nanomaterials
Neuroscience: Childhood abuse permanently modifies stress genes
Geoscience: A human hand in Indonesian fires
Chemical Biology: HIV sweetly slips by
Biotechnology: Jump-starting cancer-gene discovery
Photonics: Imaging colour centres on the nanoscale
Geoscience: Aerosols and underlying clouds lead to warming
Photonics: THz phase modulator
And finally…Nature: How your genes can make you fat
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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[1] Structural & Molecular Biology: Antibodies that neutralize multiple flu strains (N&V) **Press briefing**
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1566
Researchers have engineered human antibodies that protect animals against lethal doses of multiple strains of influenza virus. These antibodies, described online this week in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, work with a broad array of influenza viral strains, including H5N1 avian flu and the H1N1 1918 Spanish flu.
After illness or vaccination, the body normally produces antibodies to protect itself from a future flu attack, but these antibodies usually neutralize only the same virus strain that infected it.
Wayne Marasco and colleagues selected broadly neutralizing antibodies against an influenza protein called hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinin anchors the virus to the host cells and promotes viral fusion, effectively allowing the virus to invade the cell. The antibodies prevented viral fusion by recognizing a region of hemagglutinin that is not very visible to the immune system and that does not show large variability among strains. In this way the antibodies were able to bind to 8 of the 16 existing types of influenza hemagglutinin tested.
In an accompanying News & Views article, Peter Palese says the work indicates that “a universal immune-based treatment or vaccine may not be out of reach”.
Author contacts:
Wayne Marasco (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 632 2153; E-mail: [email protected]
Robert Liddington (Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA) Co-author
Tel: +1 858 646 3136; E-mail: [email protected]
Ruben Donis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA) Co-author
Tel: +1 404 547 1150; E-mail: [email protected]
Please note the author is currently travelling, but will be available to take questions at the press briefing on Friday.
Jianhua Sui (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA) Co-author
Tel: +1 617 632 4352; E-mail: [email protected]
Peter Palese (Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA) N&V author
Tel: +1 212 241 7318; E-mail: [email protected]
Additional media contact:
William Schaller (Media relations, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 632 5357; E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Materials: Body-friendly nanomaterials
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2398
Non-toxic multifunctional nanoparticles for imaging and drug delivery within the body are reported online in Nature Materials this week.
Michael Sailor and colleagues made porous silicon nanoparticles that can carry a drug payload. Once in the body, the progress and accumulation of the nanoparticles in tumours can be imaged optically. Finally, the particles degrade into benign components that are cleared from the body via the kidneys within a short timeframe.
Most nanoparticles with the inherent optical activity that enables them to be monitored in the body prove to be toxic, non-biodegradable or have toxic by-products. The non-toxicity of the nanoparticles made by this team brings the great potential for their use in treatment of diseases a step closer to reality.
Author contact:
Michael Sailor (University of California, San Diego, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 858 534 8188; E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Neuroscience: Childhood abuse permanently modifies stress genes
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2270
Genetic factors have substantial roles in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms by which environmental factors affect the genome and contribute to depression or other mental disorders in adulthood is not well understood. A study published online in Nature Neuroscience this week helps shed some light on this process, by showing that early childhood abuse in humans can change the expression of a gene that is important for responding to stress.
Michael Meaney and colleagues found that the brains of suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse have lower levels of mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor, which is critical for the stress response pathway, than suicide victims without a history of childhood abuse. They also found that in these patients, the glucocorticoid receptor gene had been modified to limit the amount of mRNA, and therefore functional protein, that could be made. Early childhood experience has been shown to cause long-term genetic changes in the stress response pathway in rats, but this is the first evidence that the same thing happens in humans.
This study suggests one way in which childhood abuse could have long term effects on victims’ responses to stress in adulthood.
Author contact:
Michael Meaney (Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada)
Tel: +1 514 761 6131 ext3938; E-mail: [email protected]
Additional contact for comment on paper:
Steven Hyman (Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 496 5100; E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Geoscience: A human hand in Indonesian fires
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo443
Severe fires in Indonesia — responsible for some of the worst air quality conditions worldwide — are linked not only to drought, but also to changes in land use and population density, reports a paper online in Nature Geoscience. Sumatra has suffered from large fires at least since the 1960s, whereas the environment in Indonesian Borneo changed from highly fire-resistant to highly fire-prone sometime between the droughts of 1972 and 1982.
Robert Field and colleagues found that airport visibility records, archived back to 1960 for the region, can be used for monitoring fire frequency in the period before satellite data. By analysing these records, the researchers defined a rainfall threshold, below which large fires have occurred in the past two decades. However Indonesian Borneo seems to have been resistant to large fires, even in dry years, until population density and deforestation increased substantially and land use changed from small-scale subsistence agriculture to large-scale industrial agriculture and agro-forestry.
The researchers also found that fire-inducing droughts are not primarily linked to the influence of El Niño, as previously thought. Instead Indian Ocean climate patterns are equally important.
Author contact:
Robert Field (Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada)
Tel: +1 416 655 4088; E-mail: [email protected]
[5] Chemical Biology: HIV sweetly slips by
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.151
Scientists have discovered that the sugar surface of HIV looks like a normal biological complex, according to research published in Nature Chemical Biology this week. The work helps to explain how HIV can sneak past our immune system and may provide new opportunities for anti-HIV drugs.
HIV replicates inside cells but then must travel outside to infect new cells. During this process, part of the cell wall encloses the virus, coating it with a complex mixture of lipids, proteins and sugars. The pathway by which the virus exits cells has not been confirmed, but some evidence suggests that HIV uses the same path as microvesicles, which are natural particles with an unknown function.
Lara Mahal and colleagues show that the sugars on the outside of HIV and microvesicles from the same cell are more closely matched than samples of HIV from different cells. This provides important support for the proposed exit pathway. Additionally, the substantial similarity between the virus which causes AIDS and a natural complex may provide an important clue as to why the immune system cannot effectively identify and destroy this harmful virus.
Author contact:
Lara Mahal (University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 512 471 2318; E-mail: [email protected]
[6] Biotechnology: Jump-starting cancer-gene discovery
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1526
A ‘jumping gene’ has been harnessed to identify the genes most commonly impaired in liver tumors. The approach, published this week in Nature Biotechnology, promises to be broadly applicable to identifying the genes that contribute to other types of cancer.
Although many of the key genes or sets of genes mutated in cancer cells have been identified, the search continues for mutations in culprit genes specific to a particular type of cancer—such as lung, breast or liver cancer. David Largaespada and colleagues previously demonstrated that mice engineered to express a jumping gene or ‘transposon’ develop tumors whenever the jumping gene lands in or near a cancer gene. They now fine-tune the system to disrupt genes only in certain cells. By restricting the transposon’s movement to mouse liver cells, they can track its path in liver tumors to identify 19 genes also shown to often be defective in human liver cancers.
This strategy will augment other efforts to profile different types of human cancer, such as tumors of the brain, pancreas and colon. Ultimately, it could open the way for more effective cancer therapies.
Author contact:
David Largaespada (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA)
Tel: +1 612 626 4979; E-mail: [email protected]
Additional contact for comment:
Anton Berns (Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Tel: +31 20 512 1990; E-mail: [email protected]
[7] Photonics: Imaging colour centres on the nanoscale
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.002
Scientists have imaged individual fluorescent colour centres inside a diamond lattice with an unprecedented resolution of 5.8 nanometres. The study, published online in Nature Photonics, looks set to aid the development of solid-state single-photon sources and quantum information processing.
In the past, because of the so-called diffraction-limit for imaging systems, it has been difficult to image these colour centres — light-emitting defects that result from a nitrogen atom replacing two carbon atoms in the diamond lattice — because they are separated by less than half the wavelength of the illumination light. Stefan Hell and co-workers have now imaged these centres using stimulated emission depletion microscopy — which overcomes the limitation by depleting the fluorescence of the objects around a target, leaving only the target to fluoresce. They achieve a resolving power of 5.8 nanometres, which is over 100 times smaller than the wavelength of the illumination light. They were also able to determine the location of the defects with a precision of the order of tenths of nanometres.
Author contact:
Stefan Hell (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany)
Tel: +49 551 2012501; E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Geoscience: Aerosols and underlying clouds lead to warming
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo437
Aerosols that collect at the top of the atmosphere exert a greater influence on warming when there are clouds located beneath them, suggests a paper online in Nature Geoscience. Aerosols, such as those produced from biomass burning, can alter the radiative balance of the Earth by reflecting and absorbing solar radiation. Whether they exert a net warming or cooling effect depends upon the reflectivity of the underlying surface.
Duli Chand and colleagues used satellite data to quantify the warming effect of aerosols that were carried over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. They found that the greater the cloud coverage below the aerosol layers, the more the aerosols warm the atmosphere. This relationship is nearly linear, making it possible to define a critical point where aerosols switch from exerting a net cooling effect to a net warming effect. They estimate that when this relationship between aerosols and underlying clouds is taken into account, regional warming is three times greater than otherwise predicted.
Author contact:
Duli Chand (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA)
Tel: +1 206 685 9525; E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Photonics: THz phase modulator
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.003
A device that controls the phase of terahertz (THz) radiation has now been developed, reports a paper online this week in Nature Photonics. The ability to manipulate this radiation, which has proved difficult so far, creates opportunities for altering at will a THz laser-beam’s intensity, direction of propagation and data-transfer abilities — features useful in such technologies as imaging and sensing.
The device of Hou-Tong Chen and colleagues is formed from a metamaterial — a material whose structure provides extra optical properties to those provided by its chemical composition alone. Applying a voltage across the metamaterial changes its properties and allows control over the light that passes through the device. The team also reports broadband THz signal modulation with performance comparable to a commercial mechanical optical chopper, which physically blocks the light beam periodically, while exhibiting drastically superior — three orders of magnitude so far — high-speed operation.
Although the THz phase-modulator needs further improvement in performance, this work not only provides a much needed fundamental THz component — the phase modulator — but is also a clear example of how metamaterials can offer practical solutions to real-world problems.
Author contact:
Hou-Tong Chen (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, USA)
Tel: +1 505 665 7365; E-mail: [email protected]
[10] And finally…Nature: How your genes can make you fat
DOI: 10.1038/nature07848
Many genes have been linked with obesity but how they contribute to disease is unclear. A study in this week’s Nature reveals how having one such gene could be making you fat.
Common human variants of the FTO gene predispose to obesity and having the ‘fat’ version can pile on as much as 3 kg. Mice without Fto do not become obese — in fact they do not grow properly after birth and have less fat tissue overall, find Ulrich Rüther and colleagues. The team show that it’s because they expend more energy — even though they move less and eat lots.
The finding represents the first time researchers have been able to directly link Fto and the control of energy expenditure to explain how the gene contributes to obesity development. Further research is needed to clarify the role of FTO in human energy expenditure, but the findings offer a step towards new therapeutic targets for obesity.
Author contact:
Ulrich Rüther (University of Düsseldorf, Germany)
Tel +49 221 81 11391; E-mail: [email protected]
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[11] Membrane scission by the ESCRT-III complex
DOI: 10.1038/nature07836
[12] Tyrosine dephosphorylation of H2AX modulates apoptosis and survival decisions
DOI: 10.1038/nature07849
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[13] Autocatalytic aptazymes enable ligand-dependent exponential amplification of RNA
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1528
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[14] Electrochemical cues regulate assembly of the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex at the plasma membrane during planar epithelial polarization
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1836
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[15] Identification of a chemical probe for NAADP by virtual screening
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.150
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[16] Disruption of distant HCNEs on either side of SOX9 associated with Pierre Robin sequence
DOI: 10.1038/ng.329
[17] Systems genetics of complex traits in Drosophila melanogaster
DOI: 10.1038/ng.330
[18] Co-regulated transcriptional networks contribute to natural genetic variation in Drosophila sleep
DOI: 10.1038/ng.332
[19] Bridging high-throughput genetic and transcriptional data reveals cellular responses to alpha-synuclein toxicity
DOI: 10.1038/ng.337
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[20] Glacial terminations as southern warmings without northern control
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo442
[21] Orbitally driven east–west antiphasing of South American precipitation
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo444
[22] Microbial dissolution of clay minerals as a source of iron and silica in marine sediments
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo441
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[23] Specific recruitment of protein kinase A to the immunoglobulin locus regulates class-switch recombination
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1708
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[24] Hidden order in URu2Si2 originates from Fermi surface gapping induced by dynamic symmetry breaking
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2395
[25] Coexistence of static magnetism and superconductivity in SmFeAsO1–xFx as revealed by muon spin rotation
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2396
[26] The electronic phase diagram of the LaO1–xFxFeAs Superconductor
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2397
Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[27] Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III is caused by mutations in KINDLIN3 affecting integrin activation
DOI: 10.1038/nm.1931
[28] A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans
DOI: 10.1038/nm.1917
[29] Kindlin-3 is required for beta2 integrin–mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells
DOI: 10.1038/nm.1921
[30] Effector T cells control lung inflammation during acute influenza virus infection by producing IL-10
DOI: 10.1038/nm.1929
NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[31] Analysis of receptor oligomerization by FRAP microscopy
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1304
[32] High efficiency labeling of sialylated glycoproteins on living cells
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1305
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[33] Real-time monitoring of enzyme activity in a mesoporous silicon double layer
DOI:10.1038/nnano.2009.11
[34] Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing
DOI:10.1038/nnano.2009.12
Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[35] Selective regulation of long-form calcium-permeable AMPA receptors by TARP g-5
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2266
[36] Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2268
[37] Non–cell autonomous influence of MeCP2-deficient glia on neuronal dendritic morphology
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2275
[38] Stress and addiction: a specific neuronal cell type for glucocorticoid receptor–induced facilitation of cocaine seeking
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2282
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[39] III-nitride photonic-crystal light-emitting diodes with high extraction efficiency
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.21
[40] Stereometamaterials
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.4
[41] Terahertz field enhancement by a metallic nano slit operating beyond the skin-depth limit
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.22
Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[42] Observation of an Efimov-like trimer resonance in ultracold atom–dimer scattering
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1203
Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[43] The large conformational changes of Hsp90 are only weakly coupled to ATP hydrolysis
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1557
[44] Dissection of the ATP-induced conformational cycle of the molecular chaperone Hsp90
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1565
[45] Cocrystal structure of a class I preQ1 riboswitch reveals a pseudoknot recognizing an essential hypermodified nucleobase
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1563
[46] PRMT5-mediated methylation of histone H4R3 recruits DNMT3A, coupling histone and DNA methylation in gene silencing
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1568
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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Parkville: 16, 46
AUSTRIA
Innsbruck: 42
BRAZIL
Belo Horizonte: 21
Sao Paulo: 21
CANADA:
Montreal: 3
Toronto: 4
CHINA
Anhui: 25
Nanjing: 40, 46
EGYPT
Shebin El-kom: 24
FRANCE
Bordeaux: 38
Lille: 16
Paris: 16, 38
GERMANY
Bernried: 10
Braunschweig: 26
Bremerhaven: 21
Cologne: 10, 24, 26
Dresden; 26
Düsseldorf: 10
Garching: 43, 44
Goettingen: 7
Heidelberg: 14, 38
Martinsried: 27, 29
Munich: 29
Stuttgart: 33, 40
Wurzburg: 31
INDIA
Bangalore: 8
ITALY
Milan: 36
JAPAN
Kyoto: 36
Okayama: 15
Saitama: 25
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 4
Delft: 41
Eindhoven: 39
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 3
SOUTH KOREA
Asan: 41
Seoul: 12, 41
SPAIN
Barcelona: 6
Madrid: 16
SWEDEN
Lund: 36
Stockholm: 36
Uppsala: 24
SWITZERLAND
Bern: 20
Fribourg: 25
Villigen: 25, 26
TURKEY
Ankara: 27
UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge: 20
Chilton: 25
Edinburgh: 16, 17
Glasgow: 14
London: 16, 25, 27, 35
Oxford: 15, 25, 34
Southampton: 15, 16
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
California
Claremont: 22
Emeryville: 38
La Jolla: 1, 2, 12, 13, 32, 33
San Diego: 4, 12
San Francisco: 27
San Jose: 39
Santa Barbara: 2
Georgia
Atlanta: 1
Augusta: 19
Illinois
Chicago: 38, 46
Urbana: 14
Iowa
Iowa City: 6
Maryland
Baltimore: 28
Bethesda: 11, 28
Frederick: 5, 6
Greenbelt: 8
Massachusetts
Amherst: 21
Boston: 1, 2, 6, 9, 19
Cambridge: 2, 6, 19, 36
Chestnut Hill: 9
Watertown: 19
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 6, 21
New Mexico
Albuquerque: 9
Los Alamos: 9
New York
Albany: 21
Cold Spring Harbor: 6
New York: 6, 14, 23, 28, 46
Stony Brook: 37
North Carolina
Raleigh: 17, 18
Ohio
Cincinnati: 17, 30
Cleveland: 28
Oregon
Portland: 37
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia: 19
West Point: 45
Tennessee
Memphis: 14
Texas
Austin: 5
Virginia
Charlottesville: 30
Washington
Bainbridge Island: 45
Seattle: 8, 23, 45
Wisconsin
Madison: 6
PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Rachel Twinn (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]
Katherine Anderson (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]
Ruth Francis (Head of Press, Nature, London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Biotechnology (New York)
Peter Hare
Tel: +1 212 726 9284; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Cell Biology (London)
Bernd Pulverer
Tel: +44 20 7843 4892; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Andrea Garvey
Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Genetics (New York)
Lily Khidr
Tel: +1 212 726 9324; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
Tel: +44 20 7843 4042; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
Tel: +1 212 726 9372; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Materials (London)
Alison Stoddart
Tel: +44 20 7843 4593; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
Tel: +1 212 726 9325; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
Tel: +1 212 726 9627; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
Tel: +44 20 7014 4019; Email: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
Tel: +44 20 7843 4555; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Michelle Montoya
Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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