This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Neuroscience: Recognizing one’s own brood with new neurons
Nature: Competition counts
Genetics: Five new genetic variants associated with breast cancer
Chemical Biology: Herbicide-hunting bacteria
Genetics: Variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis
Geoscience: Seasonal changes in glacier movement
Chemical Biology: Single drugs for multiple diseases
Immunology: Surprising regulator of long-term antibody production
Methods: Direct detection of methylated DNA
Chemistry: Crumpling up graphene to make fullerenes
Geoscience: Sunken plates cause dents in Earth’s shape
And finally … Methods: Reading the facial expression of mice
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the
same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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[1] Neuroscience: Recognizing one’s own brood with new neurons
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2550
Newly-born neurons in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb—areas of the brain implicated in memory and olfaction, respectively—are crucial for helping male mice recognize their own offspring, reports a study published online this week in Nature Neuroscience. The results suggest that a father’s recognition of their adult offspring is based on the experiences of fatherhood, and the production of new neurons and neural hormones are crucial for this process.
Fathers’ recognition of their juvenile and adult offspring is known to occur in non-human primates, humans, and some species of wild rodents. Samuel Weiss and Gloria Mak discovered that laboratory strains of male mice will also recognize their own pups as adults if the fathers are given the chance to interact and care for their genetic offspring. This paternal recognition of genetic offspring was accompanied by higher neurogenesis—creation of new neurons—in the paternal olfactory bulb and hippocampus, where new neurons are continually generated in adulthood.
The researchers also found that prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, is required for the paternal offspring recognition. Male mice lacking this hormone did not show enhanced adult neurogenesis upon pup interaction and failed to recognize their progeny.
Enhancing neurogenesis with a different hormone made up for the lack of prolactin, resulting in restored offspring recognition in male parents. It remains untested whether a similar mechanism is required in human offspring recognition or whether this could affect subsequent father-child behaviors.
Author contacts:
Samuel Weiss (University of Calgary, Canada)
Please contact this author through:
Jordanna Heller
Tel: +1 403 220 2431
E-mail: [email protected]
Gloria Mak (University of Calgary, Canada)
Tel: +1 403 220 6953
E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Nature: Competition counts
DOI: 10.1038/nature09020
Competition with other members of the species is more important than predation when it comes to shaping traits such as body size and limb length in the brown anole lizard, according to a study in this week’s Nature.
Biologists’ current picture of natural selection in the wild is based almost entirely on correlations. For example, leg length in different ‘ecomorphs’ of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean correlates with the diameter of the vegetation in which the species is most often found, suggesting that the different habitats select for different leg morphology.
Ryan Calsbeek and Robert Cox now quantify changes in selection after directly manipulating two likely ecological selective forces. By using netting and seeding islands with predatory snakes, Calsbeek and Cox excluded or included bird and snake predators on six islands containing populations of lizards at a range of different densities. At the end of the breeding season, lizards on the islands exposed to predators were recaptured higher up in the canopy and overall survival was lower, but there were no changes to body size, limb length and stamina. In contrast, lizards from islands with a high population density had larger bodies, longer limbs and greater stamina when tested on a treadmill.
Author contacts:
Ryan Calsbeek (Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA)
Tel: +1 603 646 9917
E-mail: [email protected]
Robert Cox (Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA)
Tel: +1 603 646 9916
E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Genetics: Five new genetic variants associated with breast cancer
DOI: 10.1038/ng.586
Five common genetic variants are newly associated with breast cancer risk, according to a report published online this week in Nature Genetics. All together, the 18 known common risk variants for breast cancer explain approximately eight percent of familial risk of breast cancer, while rare high-risk variants explain a further 20% of familial-related risk.
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women from developed countries, causing approximately half a million deaths worldwide each year. Family history is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer; having a first-degree relative with breast cancer approximately doubles a woman’s risk for the disease. Previous studies have identified 13 common genetic variants that are associated with increased risk of breast cancer.
In order to identify additional common risk variants for breast cancer, Douglas Easton and colleagues performed the largest genome-wide analysis of breast cancer patients to date. The authors analyzed the genomes of 16,536 patients and identified five genetic loci newly associated with breast cancer susceptibility.
Author contact:
Douglas F. Easton (University of Cambridge, UK)
Tel: +44 1223 740 160
E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Chemical Biology: Herbicide-hunting bacteria
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.369
An atrazine-binding RNA molecule was used to engineer Escherichia coli that seek and destroy the herbicide atrazine, as presented in a study published online this week in Nature Chemical Biology. This finding presents a new, and potentially generalizable, approach for using synthetic biology to remediate hazardous chemicals in the environment and illustrates how bacteria can be reprogrammed to perform multiple complex tasks.
Atrazine is widely used as an herbicide and poses environmental and health challenges particularly in the freshwater supply. Using the bacteria’s native capacity to find nutrients in the environment, Justin Gallivan and colleagues reprogrammed a common strain of E. coli to migrate toward and break down the herbicide. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo RNA selection procedures, the scientists identified a synthetic riboswitch—an RNA that responds to a small molecule—that activates protein translation in response to atrazine and induces bacteria to migrate in the presence of the herbicide. By incorporating another gene from an atrazine catabolic pathway, these bacteria could then also degrade atrazine.
Author contact:
Justin Gallivan (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
Tel: +1 404 712 2171
E-mail: [email protected]
[5] & [6] Genetics: Variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis
DOI: 10.1038/ng.582
DOI: 10.1038/ng.583
Seven new risk variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are reported in two studies published online this week in Nature Genetics. Together the studies identify genetic risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis in European and Japanese populations.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation of the joints. Approximately one-percent of adults worldwide are affected with this disease, which can lead to destruction of the joints.
Eli Stahl, Robert Plenge and colleagues analyzed the genomes of 12,307 people of European ancestry with rheumatoid arthritis and identified seven genetic variants associated with increased risk of RA. Yuta Kochi and colleagues performed an analysis of 7,039 Japanese individuals with RA and identified an RA risk variant near the CCR6 gene, which was also associated to RA risk in the study of Europeans.
Author contacts:
Eli Stahl (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA) Author paper [5]
Tel: +1 617 525 4638
E-mail: [email protected]
Robert Plenge (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA) Author paper [5]
Tel: +1 617 525 4451
E-mail: [email protected]
Yuta Kochi (RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan) Author paper [6]
Tel: +81 3 5800 8828; E-mail: [email protected]
[7] Geoscience: Seasonal changes in glacier movement
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo863
Ice velocities in a west Greenland glacier during the summer can exceed its velocity during the winter by 220%, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The findings are important for understanding the response of glacier movement to surface melting and to changes in the water drainage system beneath the glacier.
Ian Bartholomew and colleagues used GPS receivers along a 35-km transect into the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet to measure ice velocity throughout summer 2008 and into the subsequent winter season. The scientists found increases in glacier speed that coincided with an uplift of the glacier surface, indicative of the delivery of surface melt water to the glacier bed. Further inland, glaciers sped up later in the year.
The authors conclude that if summer melt seasons become longer and more intense, glacier acceleration events in response to melt water will reach further inland, thus drawing ice from a larger area of the ice sheet.
Author contact:
Ian Bartholomew (University of Edinburgh, UK)
Tel: +44 131 650 9139
E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Chemical Biology: Single drugs for multiple diseases
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.368
By targeting the machinery that degrades misfolded proteins, alleviation of Gaucher’s disease (GD) can be achieved, as reported in a study published this week in Nature Chemical Biology.
Glucocerebroside—a lipid found on many cell membranes—is broken down by the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GC). In GD, this enzyme is mutated causing it to be misfolded and therefore degraded by the cell’s quality control machinery. This leads to glucocerebroside buildup in various organs, such as the kidneys, lung, and brain.
Jeffery Kelly and colleagues find that increasing the levels of cellular calcium with chemical modulators, enhances the function of calnexin, an important part of the protein folding quality control machinery. This allows GC to be properly folded and escape degradation.
Since numerous diseases arise when the quality control machinery recognizes unfolded mutant proteins, single chemical drugs targeting this machinery could be used for treating multiple diseases.
Author contact:
Jeffery Kelly (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 858 784 9880
E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Immunology: Surprising regulator of long-term antibody production
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1877
The surface molecule PD-1 is a key to producing long-lived antibody-secreting cells. Previous work has shown that PD-1 acts as an inhibitor to constrain immune responses during chronic infection. The findings described in a report published this week in Nature Immunology, show a new positive role for PD-1.
Mark Shlomchik and colleagues show PD-1 to be necessary for the generation of long-lived antibody producing cells. PD-1 expressed on the immune system’s helper T cells communicates with its receptors—PD-L1 and PD-L2—expressed on B cells of the immune system. This interaction occurs in specialized areas of lymph nodes and spleen called germinal centers, where B cells are ‘educated’ to become specific antibody producers. Mice lacking PD-1 or its receptors have defective germinal centers and fail to generate large numbers of memory antibody-secreting B cells.
Author contact:
Mark J. Shlomchik (Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA)
Tel: +1 203 737 2089
E-mail: [email protected]
[10] Methods: Direct detection of methylated DNA
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1459
With single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing, methylation status of the bases in DNA can be directly identified, as reported online this week in Nature Methods. Being able to determine the methylation profile of a the DNA in cells concurrently with the sequence of their genome will add an extra level of information about how cells are regulated and what goes wrong in disease.
DNA methylation is important in virtually every species; bacteria attach a methyl group to adenosine to regulate their replication and DNA repair, vertebrates use methylation on the cytosine base to regulate gene expression and development. Aberrant DNA methylation is often seen in diseases. Currently scanning for methylated nucleotides relies on indirect detection, which is difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone.
SMRT sequencing by synthesis, developed by Stephen Turner and colleagues, allows for direct detection of methylated nucleotides by recording the kinetics of nucleotide incorporation. The scientists find methylated nucleotides by identifying the longer time interval it takes an enzyme to incorporate the complementary nucleotide during DNA synthesis and apply this to DNA in bacteria.
Author contact:
Stephen W Turner (Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 650 521 8020
E-mail: [email protected]
[11] Chemistry: Crumpling up graphene to make fullerenes
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.644
Football-shaped carbon molecules, known as fullerenes, can be formed by a single sheet of carbon atoms crumpling up, reports a study published online this week in Nature Chemistry. Fullerenes have been studied for 25 years, but how the compounds form is not well understood.
The usual procedure for forming fullerenes is to break up graphite—a layered carbon material—using lasers or electricars. The mechanism by which fullerenes form from graphite was believed to involve single carbon atoms or small clusters breaking off of the graphite and then clumping together to make fullerenes.
Andrey Chuvilin, Andrei Khlobystov and colleagues’ findings suggest that some fullerene compounds may form in one go on the graphite sheet surface. The scientists used an electron beam to excite the atoms in graphene—a one-atom-thick, chicken-wire-like sheet of carbon. Parts of the sheet broke off and formed smaller flakes, which, as transmission electron microscopy images revealed, rearranged into spherical cages of fullerene.
Author contacts:
Andrei Khlobystov (University of Nottingham, UK)
Tel: +44 115 9513197
E-mail [email protected]
Andrey Chuvilin (University of Ulm, Germany)
Tel: +34 943 574 023;
E-mail: [email protected]
[12] Geoscience: Sunken plates cause dents in Earth’s shape
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo855
Low points in the geoid—the shape the Earth’s surface would take if it was entirely covered by motionless water—arise from anomalies in the Earth’s mantle where ancient tectonic plates have sunk, concludes a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The findings explain the low points in the geoid that are found around the Pacific Ocean, including troughs in the Indian Ocean, the Ross Sea off Antarctica, northeast Pacific and west Atlantic Oceans.
Sonja Spasojevic and colleagues used a model of the dynamics of Earth’s mantle to identify anomalies in mantle velocities associated with the geoid low points. They attribute these unusual velocities to the presence of ancient tectonic plates in the deep mantle, where they form ‘slab graveyards’, and to the effect of their chemical make-up on the overlying mid-to-upper mantle.
Author contact:
Sonja Spasojevic (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 713 550 3713
E-mail: [email protected]
[13] Methods: Reading the facial expression of mice
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1455
The mouse grimace scale, a standardized way to measure pain from facial expression in mice, is published online this week in Nature Methods. This facial coding system will allow for accurate pain assessment and advances in pain research, while eliminating unnecessary pain of laboratory mice.
Humans express pain through facial expressions, and these have been coded and used for pain assessment in individuals who cannot communicate in any other way, for example, infants. Whether the same can be done for mice was an open question. Pain research heavily depends on rodent models but at the moment researchers are largely limited to measuring withdrawal responses to pressure and thermal stimuli, which model only minor aspects of the chronic pain experience.
Jeffrey Mogil and colleagues analyzed hundreds of images of mice before and during a moderate pain stimulus. They established five facial features—orbital tightening, nose and check bulge, and changes in ear and whisker carriage—that change in accordance with the severity of the stimulus and allow the assigning of pain scores. One of the goals is to detect insufficient postoperative analgesia by mere visual inspection.
Author contact:
Jeffrey Mogil (McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
Tel: +1 514 398 6085
E-mail: [email protected]
************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE
[14] Ubiquitin-dependent DNA damage bypass is separable from genome replication
DOI: 10.1038/nature09097
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
[15] Alpha-Catenin as a tension transducer that induces adherens junction development
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2055
[16] Dynamics of single mRNP nucleocytoplasmic transport and export through the nuclear pore in living cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2056
[17] Control of Dpp morphogen signalling by a secreted feedback regulator
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2064
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
[18] Reconstruction of the saframycin core scaffold defines dual Pictet-Spengler mechanisms
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.365
NATURE CHEMISTRY
[19] Electrochemistry through glass
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.645
[20] Enantioselective iron-catalysed O–H bond insertions
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.651
[21] Mechanistic insights into the ruthenium-catalysed diene ring-closing metathesis reaction
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.653
NATURE GENETICS
[22] Variation at 9p21.3 (CDKN2A) influences childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk
DOI: 10.1038/ng.585
[23] Variants within the immunoregulatory CBLB gene are associated with Multiple Sclerosis.
DOI: 10.1038/ng.584
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY
[24] The cytosolic nucleic acid sensor LRRFIP1 mediates the production of type I interferon via a beta-catenin-dependent pathway
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1876
NATURE MATERIALS
[25] Dimensional crossover of thermal transport in few-layer graphene
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2753
Nature MEDICINE
[26] ERK activation drives intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin+ mice
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2143
[27] Epidermal growth factor receptor is a co-receptor for adeno-associated virus serotype 6
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2145
[28] The Toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 are crucial in the development of autoreactive CD8+ T cells
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2150
NATURE METHODS
[29] In situ analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation networks by FLIM on cell arrays
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1458
[30] A photoconvertible reporter of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in vivo
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1460
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
[31] Advanced sorting of single-walled carbon nanotubes by nonlinear density-gradient ultracentrifugation
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.68
[32] Dispensing nano–pico droplets and liquid patterning by pyroelectrodynamic shooting
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.82
[33] Thermal infrared emission from biased graphene
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.90
Nature NEUROSCIENCE
[34] Type 5 G protein beta subunit recruits R7 RGS to GIRK channels to regulate the timing of neuronal inhibitory signaling
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2549
[35] Daughter cell fate is non-stochastic and neurons derive from the more apical daughter in asymmetrically fated divisions in the zebrafish neural tube
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2547
[36] Representation and transformation of chemosensory information in the mouse accessory olfactory system
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2546
NATURE PHOTONICS
[37] Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and
shot-noise limited phase noise
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.91
[38] In situ wave-front correction: application to micromanipulation
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.85
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
[39] Nucleotide-induced global conformational changes of flagellar dynein arms revealed by in situ analysis
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1832
[40] The SM protein Vps33 and the t-SNARE Habc domain promote fusion pore opening
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1809
[41] Synergistic action of RNA polymerases in overcoming the nucleosomal barrier
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1798
[42] p53 activates transcription by directing structural shifts in Mediator
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1816
[43] 53BP1 loss rescues BRCA1 deficiency and is associated with triple-negative and BRCA-mutated breast cancers
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1831
********************************************
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRIA
Vienna: 37
CANADA:
Calgary: 1, 21
Montreal: 13, 22
Toronto: 5
Vancouver: 13
CHINA
Shanghai: 24
Tianjin: 20
CZECH REPUBLIC
Olomouc: 43
DENMARK
Copenhagen: 43
FINLAND
Helsinki: 29, 30, 43
GERMANY
Berlin: 37
Cologne: 17
Dortmund: 29
Freiburg: 17
Hamburg: 29
Hannover: 22
Heidelberg: 22, 29
Kiel: 22
Koln: 35
Munster: 28
Ulm: 11
GREECE
Aexandroupolis: 29
HUNGARY
Budapest: 22
ISRAEL
Ramat Gan: 16
ITALY
Cagliari: 23
Monserrato: 23
Napoli: 32
Ozieri: 23
Sardegna: 23
Sassari: 23
JAPAN
Hyogo: 15, 39
Kobe: 15, 39
Kumamoto: 15
Kyoto: 6
Sapporo: 18
Shizuoka: 18
Tokyo: 6, 22
Yokohama: 6
KOREA
Iksan: 26
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 5, 43
Groningen: 5
Leiden: 5, 13
Nijmegen: 5
Rotterdam: 3
NEW ZEALAND
Lower Hutt: 12
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Chisinau: 25
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 5, 22
SPAIN
Bilbao: 11
Madrid: 22
SWEDEN
Stockholm: 5
SWITZERLAND
Basel: 17
Epalinges: 40
Zurich: 39
UNITED KINGDOM
Aberdeen: 5, 7
Aberystwyth: 7
Cambridge: 3, 43
Edinburgh: 7
Falmer: 14
Hinxton: 3
Leeds: 5, 22
London: 3, 5, 35
Manchester: 3, 5, 22
Newcastle: 7, 22
North Haugh: 38
Nottingham: 11
Oxford: 5, 22, 43
Sheffield: 5
Southampton: 3
Sutton: 3, 22
York: 22
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
California
Alameda: 5
Davis: 5
La Jolla: 8, 26
Los Angeles: 22
Menlo Park: 10
Pasadena: 12
Pleasanton: 5
Riverside: 25
San Francisco: 5
Colorado
Boulder: 8, 42
Connecticut
New Haven: 9
Georgia
Atlanta: 4
Maryland
Baltimore: 9, 23
Bethesda: 5, 27
Frederick: 41
Massachusetts
Boston: 5, 9, 23, 43
Cambridge: 5
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 23
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 34
Missouri
St Louis: 36
New Hampshire
Hanover: 2
New Jersey
New Brunswick: 43
New York
Flushing: 19
Ithaca: 41
New York: 5, 41
Yorktown Heights: 33
North Carolina
Chapel Hill: 23
Texas
Houston: 5, 31, 40
Utah
Salt Lake City: 42
PRESS CONTACTS…
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