This press release contains:
· Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Geoscience: Patterns in future health impacts from heatwaves
Nanotechnology: World’s smallest pump is made from pure glass
Medicine: A molecular switch in emphysema
Nature: Brain imaging — the cells behind the signals
Genetics: New genes involved in autism and intellectual disability
Chemical Biology: Coming between a virus and its host
Cell Biology: Surviving DNA damage in stem cells
Geoscience: Recent Lake Tanganyika warming unprecedented since AD 500
Nature: Moonlighters have role in toxic shock
Immunology: Regulators of immune cell ‘walking’
And finally…Neuroscience: Oversensitive teenagers
· Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
· Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
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PLEASE CITE THE SPECIFIC NATURE JOURNAL AND WEBSITE AS THE SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS. IF PUBLISHING ONLINE, PLEASE CARRY A HYPERLINK TO THE APPROPRIATE JOURNAL’S WEBSITE.
[1] Geoscience: Patterns in future health impacts from heatwaves
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo866
People living in southern European river basins and along the Mediterranean coasts will probably be hit hardest by future European heatwaves, suggests a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The frequency of health-endangering heatwaves is projected to increase fastest and strongest in these locations, which include many densely populated urban centres.
Erich Fischer and Christoph Schär analysed a set of regional climate projections for Europe to assess the likely occurrence of heatwaves with a high impact on human health, based on known factors such as heatwave duration, minimum night-time temperatures and humidity. The analysis reveals remarkably consistent geographical patterns of predicted heatwave impacts up to the year 2100, suggesting crucial influence from local topography and proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.
Author contact:
Erich Fischer (ETH Zürich, Switzerland)
Tel: +41 44 632 82 41
E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Nanotechnology: World’s smallest pump is made from pure glass
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.81
A working pump the size of a single human red blood cell has been made from pure glass, reports a paper published online this week in Nature Nanotechnology. The pump, which can control a flow rate of one thousandth of one trillionth of a litre per second, can be used to create tiny laboratories capable of analysing and synthesizing chemical and biological substances.
The device, created by Alan Hunt and colleagues, relies on the reversible transformation of very thin portions of glass from insulating to conducting states. Such glass electrodes open up new possibilities for fluidic machines.
Author contact:
Alan Hunt (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Tel: +1 734 615 0331
E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Medicine: A molecular switch in emphysema
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2157
A molecule that contributes to the development of cigarette smoke–induced lung injury is reported in this week’s Nature Medicine. This protein—Rtp801—could be a new therapeutic target against emphysema.
Rtp801 is known to enhance cell death due to oxidation dependent stress. Rubin Tuder and his colleagues found that Rtp801 was over-expressed in human emphysematous lungs and in the lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. When forcefully expressed in mouse lungs, Rtp801 promoted lung inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death in the lung. In contrast, Rtp801 knockout mice were protected against acute and chronic cigarette smoke–induced lung injury and emphysema.
These results support the idea that Rtp801 may be a molecular indicator of stress and a mediator of lung injury to cigarette smoke.
Author contact:
Rubin Tuder (University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 724 6062
E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Nature: Brain imaging — the cells behind the signals
DOI: 10.1038/nature09108
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies classically reveal which brain areas ‘light up’ in response to certain tasks, but a new Nature study offers a cellular origin for these signals. The paper helps place fMRI on long-sought firm empirical footing, and offers a new and potent method for mapping neural connections in the intact mammalian brain.
Karl Deisseroth and colleagues combined a widely used type of brain imaging — blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI — with optogenetics that use light-sensitive genetic switches to control neuronal activity on the millisecond time scale. This allowed them to ‘switch on’ specific subsets of neurons in rat brains whilst simultaneously monitoring fMRI output, and identify a putative group of excitatory neurons responsible for generating the BOLD signal.
The results are important because the cellular origin of these signals has been controversial, making precise interpretation of BOLD fMRI studies impossible. And BOLD signals were also recorded in areas some distance away from the original stimulus, suggesting a possible use for the technique in mapping neural circuitry.
Author contact:
Karl Deisseroth (Stanford University, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 650 736 4325
E-mail: [email protected]
[5] & [6] Genetics: New genes involved in autism and intellectual disability
DOI: 10.1038/ng.588
DOI: 10.1038/ng.589
Mutations in the gene SHANK2 are reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, as reported in this week in Nature Genetics. The findings strengthen the link between defects in synaptic structures and autism. In a second study mutations in the gene IQSEC2 are shown to cause intellectual disability in four separate families.
Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in approximately 1 in 110 children in the United States, with tens of millions affected individuals worldwide. Individuals with autism display deficits in social interaction and communication skills and also exhibit repetitive or stereotypic patterns of behavior. Several genes involved in the synapse—a junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted—have previously been associated with autism, suggesting intact synaptic structures are important for typical development of language, social and cognitive skills. Intellectual disability, or mental retardation, is a clinically distinct, more common disorder affecting 1 in 50 in the general population.
Gudrun Rappold and colleagues analyzed 580 patients with intellectual disabilities or autism and identified mutations in SHANK2 in several unrelated individuals. In another study, Jozef Gecz and colleagues show that mutations in IQSEC2 causes intellectual disability in four separate families.
Author contacts:
Jozef Gecz (The University of Adelaide, Australia)
Author paper [5]
Tel: +61 8 8161 6339
E-mail: [email protected]
Gudrun Rappold (Heidelberg University, Germany)
Author paper [6]
Tel: +49 6221 565 059
E-mail: [email protected]
[7] Chemical Biology: Coming between a virus and its host
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.370
Newly designed small molecules can inhibit HIV replication by blocking a viral-host interaction, reports a study published online this week in Nature Chemical Biology.
Interaction between the HIV-1 enzyme, integrase, and the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 plays a crucial role in viral integration. Zeger Debyser and colleagues design small molecules which block this interaction and inhibit HIV replication, even with HIV strains that are resistant to clinically used integrase inhibitors.
This work demonstrates a novel mechanism for inhibiting HIV integrase, and also illustrates the feasibility for the design of small molecules that inhibit protein-protein interaction between a viral protein and a cellular host factor.
Author contact:
Zeger Debyser, (KU Leuven, Belgium)
Tel: +32 16 33 21 83;
E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Cell Biology: Surviving DNA damage in stem cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2059
Stem cells residing in the outer layer of the skin are extremely resistant to cell death following DNA damage, reports a study published in Nature Cell Biology this week. Little is known about how stem cells sense and respond to DNA damage to ensure the transmission of accurate genetic information, so these findings may have important implications for understanding the increased susceptibility of certain tissues to DNA damage-induced tumour development and ageing.
Stem cells are at high risk of accumulating deleterious mutations since they reside and self-renew in the adult tissues for extended periods of time. The balance between the maintenance of genomic integrity and the preservation of tissue integrity following DNA damage is therefore crucial to ensure tissue turnover while avoiding cancer and ageing. Cédric Blanpain and colleagues find that, following DNA damage, hair follicle stem cells are protected from cell death – known as apoptosis. This is due to the increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and to accelerated DNA repair, which is mediated by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway that repairs double strand damage to DNA.
Author contact:
Cédric Blanpain (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium)
Tel: +32 2 555 4175
E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Geoscience: Recent Lake Tanganyika warming unprecedented since AD 500
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo865
Late twentieth-century warming of the surface of Lake Tanganyika, the largest of the East African rift lakes, is the biggest temperature change in the past 1,500 years, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. Lake surface warming is linked to declining growth and abundance of the plankton that form the base of the lake’s food chain, which could have negative effects on the region’s fisheries.
Jessica Tierney and colleagues used lake sediment cores to reconstruct temperatures and primary productivity at the surface of Lake Tanganyika. They report a number of temperature fluctuations during the past 1,500 years, but the highest temperatures in their record occurred during the past few decades. In addition, they show that warmer surface temperatures were consistently associated with lower primary productivity, which they attribute to stratification between the lake’s surface and the nutrient-rich waters below.
The team describes the field work that supported these conclusions in an accompanying Backstory.
Author contact:
Jessica Tierney (Brown University, Providence, RI, USA)
Tel: +1 401 863 2810;
E-mail: [email protected]
[10] Nature: Moonlighters have role in toxic shock
DOI: 10.1038/nature09065
The role of moonlighting bacteriophage proteins in transferring pathogenicity from one cell to another is described in a Nature paper this week. The specific interactions between different repressors and their ‘helpers’ represent a remarkable evolutionary adaptation involved in this mobilization.
Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, potentially fatal illness that can be caused by the release of toxins from Staphylococcus bacteria. The toxic particles are encoded by discrete genetic units called pathogenicity islands, which can be removed and packaged into highly transmissible particles only with the aid of a helper phage. José Penadés and colleagues show that three different pathogenicity islands, all induced by the same helper phage,
commandeer different non-essential phage proteins to help make their escape.
The proteins are called ‘moonlighters’ because they have two different and genetically distinct activities, and it’s a remarkable evolutionary adaptation that sees related pathogenicity islands co-opt entirely unrelated phage proteins to aid in their mobilization.
Author contact:
José Penadés (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones agrarias, Castellon, Spain)
Tel: +34 964 712 166
E-mail: [email protected]
[11] Immunology: Regulators of immune cell ‘walking’
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1878
Molecular regulators of immune cell ‘walking’ through tissues are identified in a report published online this week in Nature Immunology.
Immune cells travel in the blood and can enter tissues as a result of signals released during infection or inflammation. Upon exiting the bloodstream, cells morph from a round shape into an elongated form that can move in an inchworm or crawling manner into the tissue. Such directional movement in the infected tissue requires a precise coordination of ‘stepping forward’ and ‘release’.
Andy Luster and colleagues identify several new regulatory molecules called synatotagmins (SYT) that are necessary for the cell ‘foot’ to step forward and release such that migration occurs. These molecules are sensitive to calcium fluxes that occur inside migrating cells that respond to chemical ‘scents’ known as chemoattractants. Cells lacking either SYT7 or a related synatotagmin-like molecule SYTL5 fail to move and behave as if the trailing foot is stuck and unable to release. Cells lacking SYT2 move faster and display defects in stopping.
In a gout disease model mice lacking SYT7 recruit fewer inflammatory cells into the affected tissue. The scientists suggest these defects may be related to a human immunodeficiency disease called Chediak-Higashi syndrome where immune cells display defective migration.
Author contact:
Andrew Luster (Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard
Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 726 5710
E-mail: [email protected]
[12] And finally…Neuroscience: Oversensitive teenagers
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2558
Adolescents are hypersensitive to neural signals that indicate an outcome is better than expected reports a paper published online in Nature Neuroscience. This signal is thought to be carried by the dopamine system—known to be important to reward processing—and implicates this system in the heightened reward seeking behaviour seen in adolescents.
Jessica Cohen and colleagues asked adolescents to perform a task, for monetary reward, in which they had to learn to associate visual images with behavioural responses. Functional magnetic resonance imaging performed during learning suggested that the brain responses correlated with events that exceeded expectations were greater in adolescents than adults.
This finding supports the theory that the risky reward-seeking behaviour that is often observed in adolescents is due to an increased sensitivity to potentially positive outcomes rather than a decreased sensitivity to potentially negative outcomes.
Author contacts:
Jessica Cohen (University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 310 623 0840
E-mail: [email protected]
Russell Poldrack (University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 512 232 9504
E-mail: [email protected]
************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
[13] Analysis of a genome-wide set of gene deletions in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1628
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
[14] The role of Cdk5-mediated apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 phosphorylation in neuronal death
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2058
[15] Light-mediated activation reveals a key role for Rac in
collective guidance of cell movement in vivo
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2061
[16] A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2062
[17] Jarid2 is a PRC2 component in embryonic stem cells required for multi-lineage differentiation and recruitment of PRC1 and RNA Polymerase II to developmental regulator genes
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2065
NATURE CHEMISTRY
[18] Experimental evidence for the functional relevance of anion–p interactions
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.657
[19] Nucleophilic catalysis of acylhydrazone equilibration for protein-directed dynamic covalent chemistry
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.658
[20] Triggering N2 uptake via redox-induced expulsion of coordinated NH3 and N2 silylation at trigonal bipyramidal iron
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.660
[21] Robust dynamics
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.654
NATURE GENETICS
[22] Deletion of the protein tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN2 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
DOI: 10.1038/ng.587
NATURE GEOSCIENCE
[23] Accelerating uplift in the North Atlantic region as an indicator of ice loss
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo845
[24] Magnitude of oceanic nitrogen fixation influenced by the nutrient uptake ratio of phytoplankton
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo856
NATURE
[25] In situ NMR observation of the formation of metallic lithium microstructures in lithium batteries
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2764
[26] Filled and glycosylated carbon nanotubes for in vivo radioemitter localization and imaging
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2766
[27] Transformation-mediated ductility in CuZr-based bulk metallic glasses
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2767
NATURE MEDICINE
[28] In vivo prevention of transplant arteriosclerosis by ex vivo–expanded human regulatory T cells
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2154
[29] Interleukin-33 attenuates sepsis by enhancing neutrophil influx to the site of infection
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2156
NATURE METHODS
[30] Generating knockout rats by transposon mutagenesis in spermatogonial stem cells
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1461
NATURE
[31] Nanostructured materials for photon detection
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.78
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
[32] Lack of cadherins Celsr2 and Celsr3 impairs ependymal cilia development and function, leading to fatal hydrocephalus
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2555
[33] DeltaFosB in brain reward circuits mediates resilience to stress and antidepressant responses
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2551
[34] A parallel cholinergic brainstem pathway for enhancing locomotor drive
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2548
NATURE PHOTONICS
[35] Experimental free-space quantum teleportation
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.87
NATURE PHYSICS
[36] Detecting the orientation of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1657
[37] Quantum random networks
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1665
[38] Positive noise cross-correlation in hybrid superconducting and normal-metal three-terminal devices
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1669
[39] Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field ionization of oriented molecules
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1666
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
[40] Repressive and active histone methylation mark distinct promoters in human and mouse spermatozoa
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1821
[41] hnRNP C promotes APP translation by competing with FMRP for APP mRNA recruitment to P bodies
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1815
[42] A′-form RNA helices are required for subcellular mRNA transport in Drosophila
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1813
[43] A single Arabidopsis organellar protein has RNase P activity
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1812
[44] Mammal-restricted structural elements predispose human RET to folding impairment by HSCR mutations
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1808
************************************************
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Adelaide: 5
Clayton: 25
Newcastle: 5
St Leonards: 5
AUSTRIA
Vienna: 43
BELGIUM
Brussels: 8, 32
Ghent: 8
Heverlee: 7
Leuven: 7, 22
Namur: 32
Yvoir: 22
BRAZIL
Ribeirao Preto: 29
CANADA:
Hamilton: 6
Montreal: 34
Ottawa: 14
Toronto: 6, 31, 36
CHILE
Santiago: 16
CHINA
Anhui: 38
Beijing: 35
DENMARK
Aarhus: 39
FRANCE
Bordeaux: 32
Paris: 22
Strasbourg: 43
GERMANY
Berlin: 18, 30, 39
Bonn: 6
Dresden: 27
Garching: 37
Heidelberg: 6
Karlsruhe: 18
Marburg: 43
Munich: 22, 33
Tubingen: 6
JAPAN
Kyoto: 32
Okazaki Aichi: 32
Tokyo: 32
NETHERLANDS
Nijmegen: 40
Rotterdam: 17, 22
PORTUGAL
Lisbon: 11
SOUTH KOREA
Busan: 14
Chungcheongbuk-do: 13
Chungnam: 13
Daejeon: 4, 13
Kangwon-do: 13
Pohang: 2
Seoul: 13
SPAIN
Barcelona: 10, 26, 31, 37
Castelldefels: 37
Castellon: 10
Navarra: 10
Valencia: 10
SWITZERLAND
Basel: 7, 18, 40
Geneva: 18, 40
Zurich: 1
THAILAND
Songkhla: 5
UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge: 5, 13, 17, 25, 29, 42
Dundee: 19
Edinburgh: 19
Glasgow: 29
London: 5, 13, 17, 26, 42, 44
Oxford: 17, 26, 28
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Arizona
Tucson: 9
California
Berkeley: 12, 33
Fremont: 3
Los Angeles: 4, 9, 12, 21
Pasadena: 20
Santa Cruz: 9
Stanford: 4, 24
Colorado
Boulder: 1
Denver: 3
Connecticut
New Haven: 11
Storrs: 5
Florida
Miami: 23
Tallahassee: 33
Illinois
Chicago: 34
Evanston: 21, 38
Indiana
Indianapolis: 3
Maryland
Baltimore: 3, 15, 16, 41
College Park: 11
Massachusetts
Boston: 4, 11
Cambridge: 11, 20
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 2
Missouri
St Louis: 16
New York
New York: 10, 13, 22, 33
Stony Brook: 25
North Carolina
Chapel Hill: 15
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia: 33
Pittsburgh: 3
Rhode Island
Providence: 9
South Carolina
Greenwood: 5
Texas
Austin: 12
Dallas: 30, 33
Virginia
Richmond: 10
Wisconsin
Madison: 9
PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Rachel Twinn (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4658
E-mail: [email protected]
Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231
E-mail: [email protected]
Ruth Francis (Head of Press, Nature, London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4562
E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Biotechnology (New York)
Michael Francisco
Tel: +1 212 726 9288
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Cell Biology (London)
Sowmya Swaminathan
Tel: +44 20 7843 4656
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Sarah Daniels
Tel: +1 617 475 9241
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Genetics (New York)
Myles Axton
Tel: +1 212 726 9324;
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
Tel: +44 20 7843 4042
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
Tel: +1 212 726 9372
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Materials (London)
Vincent Dusastre
Tel: +44 20 7843 4531
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
Tel: +1 212 726 9325
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
Tel: +1 212 726 9627
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
Tel: +44 20 7014 4019
Email: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
Tel: +44 20 7843 4555
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Sabbi Lall
Tel: +1 212 726 9326
E-mail: [email protected]
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