This press release contains:
---Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Chemical Biology: Alzheimer’s disease just a sweet memory?
Medicine: Human ovarian stem cells
Immunology: Predicting diabetes onset
Climate Change: Adapting wine to change
Neuroscience: One cell’s poison is another cell’s cure
Geoscience: Southern Ocean return
Materials: RNA microsponges for efficient gene silencing
Geoscience: Subduction divided the palaeo-Pacific Ocean
And finally…Nature: The model commuters
---Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
---Geographical listing of authors
Warning: This document, and the Nature journal papers to which it refers, may contain information that is price sensitive (as legally defined, for example, in the UK Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part V) with respect to publicly quoted companies. Anyone dealing in securities using information contained in this document, or in advance copies of a Nature journal’s content, may be guilty of insider trading under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
PICTURES: To obtain artwork from any of the journals, you must first obtain permission from the copyright holder (if named) or author of the research paper in question (if not).
NOTE: Once a paper is published, the digital object identifier (DOI) number can be used to retrieve the abstract and full text from the journal web site (abstracts are available to everyone, full text is available only to subscribers). To do this, add the DOI to the following URL: http://dx.doi.org/ (For example, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng730). For more information about DOIs and Advance Online Publication, see http://www.nature.com/ng/aop/.
HYPE: We take great care not to hype the papers mentioned on our press releases, but are sometimes accused of doing so. If you ever consider that a story has been hyped, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected], citing the specific example.
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[1] Chemical Biology: Alzheimer’s disease just a sweet memory?
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.797
Using an enzyme inhibitor to keep sugar groups on the protein tau in place, could potentially open new treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, reports a new study published this week in Nature Chemical Biology. This research thus provides insights into the inner workings of an aspect of the disease, offering new opportunities for treatment.
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by memory loss and mental confusion. At the cellular level, aggregation of the protein tau into larger fibrils is a defining feature of the disease. Many scientists hoping to treat the disease focus on finding molecules that interact directly with these fibrils to break them apart or slow their formation. However, it remains unclear what controls their formation; if these earlier controlling elements could be identified, early intervention to slow or prevent disease development may be possible.
David Vocadlo and colleagues show that treatment of transgenic mice predisposed to develop Alzheimer’s disease with Thiamet-G, an inhibitor of the enzyme O-GlcNAcase, slows formation of disease-associated aggregates and decrease neuronal cell loss. In particular, the inhibitor prevents the enzyme from removing sugar groups from tau; in vitro assays confirm these sugar groups work directly to slow fibril formation.
Author contact:
David Vocadlo (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada)
Tel: +1 778 782 3530; E-mail: [email protected]
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[2] Medicine: Human ovarian stem cells
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2669
Ovarian stem cells exist in young adult women of reproductive age and are capable of giving rise to oocytes, according to research published this week in Nature Medicine. These results may offer hope to women that have limited reproductive capacity, either because of disease or natural aging.
For the past 60 years, it was believed that women are born with all the oocytes they are ever going to have. If a woman becomes infertile due to loss or aging of her eggs, it was felt that her therapeutic options were limited. However, previous studies have found that female mice are able to generate new oocytes in adulthood, but the controversy remains because of a lack of evidence that such stem cells exist in humans.
Jonathan Tilly and colleagues now show that similar oogonial stem cells (OSCs) do exist in women of reproductive age. The authors find that the mouse and human OSCs are able to give rise to oocytes in vivo while also showing that the mouse OSC-derived oocytes can give rise to embryos after in vitro fertilization.
For ethical and legal reasons, the team could not perform a similar test of the oocytes derived from the human OSCs they isolated. But Tilly and colleagues believe these results are the beginning steps needed for what is hoped to be a new avenue of treatment for human female infertility.
Author contact:
Jonathan Tilly (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 724 2182; E-mail: [email protected]
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[3] Immunology: Predicting diabetes onset
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2233
A strategy to predict Type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset in mice is reported this week in Nature Immunology.
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are used as model for T1D but not all go on to develop full blown diabetes. Diane Mathis and colleagues use a patient-validated magnetic-resonance imaging strategy to distinguish between mice that would or would not go on to develop clinical diabetes. The technique also enabled the researchers to estimate the time to clinical onset of disease. Importantly, they note that resistance to diabetes correlated with the receptor CRIg – expressed by a subset of immune cells called macrophages – and diabetes incidence could be reduced by administration of CRIg protein to mice.
Since this magnetic-resonance imaging technique can be used on humans, a next step will be to apply this approach to at-risk individuals to see whether it can also be used as a T1D prediction tool.
Author contact:
Diane Mathis (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 432 7742; E-mail: [email protected]
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[4] Climate Change: Adapting wine to change
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1417
Trends towards earlier wine grape maturation in Australia can be primarily attributed to two climate-related variables: warming and declining soil water content reports a study published online this week in Nature Climate Change. Crop-yield reductions and evolving management practices were also found to have contributed - findings which may help to effectively target adaptation strategies.
Early ripening of wine grapes, as seen in Australia in recent years, often has undesirable impacts on wine quality. Such trends in ecological life-cycle events associated with climate change are widely reported, yet attribution of these trends to driving mechanisms remains rare. Leanne Webb and co-workers undertook this attribution analysis through statistical modelling of long records, up to 64 years, of wine grape maturity and environmental variables from across Southern Australia.
As some of the factors found to be driving earlier maturity, such as soil moisture and crop yield, can be manipulated through directed management, the authors believe that this research provides useful insights into how to maintain wine quality under changing environmental conditions.
Author contact:
Leanne Webb (CSIRO, Aspendale, Australia)
Tel: +61 3 9239 4549; E-mail: [email protected]
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[5] Neuroscience: One cell’s poison is another cell’s cure
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3054
A chemotherapy drug which is known to kill cancer cells can protect neurons from dying in an animal model of stroke, according to a study published online this week in Nature Neuroscience.
ABT-737, a chemotherapy drug, is known to treat tumours by promoting programmed cell death. However, Elizabeth Jonas and colleagues report that this drug can also protect against neuronal death when administered after the blood supply to an area of the brain is temporarily cut off, for example, during ischemia or stroke. The drug appears to work by disrupting the effects of a pro-death fragment, deltaN-Bcl-xL, a protein that is produced during ischemia and can itself promote programmed cell death.
The authors did not determine why this drug kills tumour cells but appears to protect neurons during ischemic episodes. However, these findings identify Bcl-xL as a potential therapeutic target for treating stroke.
Author contact:
Elizabeth Jonas (Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA)
Tel: +1 203 785 3087; E-mail: [email protected]
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[6] Geoscience: Southern Ocean return
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1391
Wind-driven rising of deep water in the Southern Ocean plays an equally important role in the global ocean circulation as the traditionally considered sinking in the North Atlantic, reports a review article published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The review suggests that — given the ocean’s capacity for storing heat and carbon — Southern Ocean upwelling is a central aspect of the climate system.
John Marshall and Kevin Speer have revised and updated the iconic conveyor belt depiction of the global ocean circulation, based on quantitative and qualitative insights gained over the past decades. The updated schematic emphasizes the importance of winds and small-scale swirling ocean currents, known as eddies, in governing Southern Ocean upwelling, which emerges as a key component of the climate system through its role in the exchange of carbon dioxide and heat between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Author contact:
John Marshall (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 253 9615; E-mail: [email protected]
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[7] Materials: RNA microsponges for efficient gene silencing
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3253
Microsponges that act as both carrier and cargo for the delivery of gene-silencing RNA (siRNA) into cells are described online this week in Nature Materials. The work reports that, compared with conventional siRNA delivery vehicles, one thousand times lower concentration of the microsponges achieves the same degree of gene-silencing effect in tumour-carrying mice.
siRNA delivery has so far been hampered by carriers that inefficiently encapsulate RNA, and by its degradation prior to cellular uptake. Using RNA-amplification techniques, Paula Hammond and colleagues made very long chains of connected hairpin RNA strands from circular DNA templates. They observed that the chains self-assembled into sponge-like microspheres of pleated crystalline sheets. Because hairpin RNA is cleaved to form siRNA only inside the cell, the hairpin-RNA microsponges function both as a stable cargo and a carrier. To enhance cellular uptake, the authors made the microsponges ten times smaller by coating them with a highly charged polymer. They show that each polymer-coated microsponge delivers over half a million copies of siRNA per cell.
Author contact:
Paula Hammond (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 258 7577; E-mail: [email protected]
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[8] Geoscience: Subduction divided the palaeo-Pacific Ocean
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1401
A series of ancient subduction zones could have existed in the palaeo-Pacific Ocean about 200 million years ago, reports a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience.
Douwe van der Meer and colleagues compiled geological data stored in rocks found along the margins of the North American and Asian continents. The data show that the rocks originally formed above ancient subduction zones located somewhere in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, around 200 million years ago. Furthermore, seismic images of the mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean identify potential remnant slabs of Earth’s rigid outer shell that could have been forced into the mantle at the subduction zones, and have since lingered there for hundreds of millions of years.
Together, the two independent data sets mark out the location of a north–south trending series of subduction zones that would have divided the palaeo-Pacific Ocean into two sub-basins.
Author contact:
Douwe van der Meer (Nexen Petroleum UK Ltd., Uxbridge, UK)
Tel: +44 1895 555408; E-mail: [email protected]
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[9] And finally…Nature: The model commuters
DOI: 10.1038/nature10856
Patterns of human mobility, transport and even phone calls can be predicted by a model that requires only information about population distribution. The framework, published in Nature, could improve the accuracy of predictive tools for domains affected by mobility and transport processes, including epidemiology and urban geography.
The standard model for understanding human population movement and trade is Zipf’s gravity model, which assumes that the number of individuals who move between two locations in a given period is proportional to the product of the two populations and decays with the distance between the two places. Although widely used, the model has a number of analytical inconsistencies and relies on many adjustable parameters that vary between regions.
Using the example of commuting patterns in the US, Albert-Lászlo Barabási and colleagues show that the data fit much better with an alternative framework. The authors’ radiation model provides accurate predictions for a range of phenomena — from commuting and migrations to phone calls — spanning different time scales and on two continents. As only data on population densities (which can be estimated relatively accurately across the globe) are needed, the system can be used to predict commuting and transport patterns even in areas where such data is not collected systematically.
Author contact:
Albert-Lászlo Barabási (Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 373 2355; E-mail: [email protected]
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[10] Type VI secretion requires a dynamic contractile phage tail-like structure
DOI: 10.1038/nature10846
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[11] Tracking the progression of the human inner cell mass during embryonic stem cell derivation
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2135
[12] Massively parallel functional dissection of mammalian enhancers in vivo
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2136
[13] Systematic dissection and optimization of inducible enhancers in human cells using a massively parallel reporter assay
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2137
[14] Functional beta-cell maturation is marked by increased glucose threshold and expression of urocortin 3
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2141
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[15] Senescence is an endogenous trigger for microRNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in human cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2443
[16] A 14-3-3g dimer-based scaffold bridges CtBP1-S/BARS to PI(4)KIIIb to regulate post-Golgi carrier formation
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2445
[17] Single-molecule assays reveal that RNA localization signals regulate dynein–dynactin copy number on individual transcript cargoes
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2446
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[18] An APC/C inhibitor stabilizes cyclin B1 by prematurely terminating ubiquitination
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.801
[19] The radical SAM enzyme AlbA catalyzes thioether bond formation in subtilosin
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.798
[20] Regulation of nuclear PKA revealed by spatiotemporal manipulation of cyclic AMP
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.799
NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)
[21] Topological insulator nanostructures for near-infrared transparent flexible electrodes
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1277
[22] Autonomous movement of platinum-loaded stomatocytes
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1281
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (http://www.nature.com/nclimate)
[23] Temperature-related changes in polar cyanobacterial mat diversity and toxin production
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1418
[24] High sensitivity of the continental-weathering carbon dioxide sink to future climate change
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1419
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[25] Compound inheritance of a low-frequency regulatory SNP and a rare null mutation in exon-junction complex subunit RBM8A causes TAR syndrome
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1083
[26] De novo mutations in the actin genes ACTB and ACTG1 cause Baraitser-Winter syndrome
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1091
[27] Mutations affecting the cytoplasmic functions of the co-chaperone DNAJB6 cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1103
[28] Common variants at 11q12, 10q26 and 3p11.2 are associated with prostate cancer susceptibility in Japanese
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1104
[29] Heterozygous missense mutations in SMARCA2 cause Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1105
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[30] Hydroxyl radical buffered by isoprene oxidation over tropical forests
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1405
[31] Long-term preservation of slab signatures in the mantle inferred from hydrogen isotopes
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1406
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[32] The kinase Btk negatively regulates the production of reactive oxygen species and stimulation-induced apoptosis in human neutrophils
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2234
[33] IgE+ memory B cells and plasma cells generated through a germinal-center pathway
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2256
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[34] Anisotropic conductance at improper ferroelectric domain walls
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3249
[35] Reversible electrical switching of spin polarization in multiferroic tunnel junctions
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3254
[36] Gated three-terminal device architecture to eliminate persistent photoconductivity in oxide semiconductor photosensor arrays
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3256
Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[37] Reverse engineering of TLX oncogenic transcriptional networks identifies RUNX1 as tumor suppressor in T-ALL
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2610
[38] High abundance of plasma cells secreting transglutaminase 2–specific IgA autoantibodies with limited somatic hypermutation in celiac disease intestinal lesions
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2656
[39] Self-assembling nanocomplexes by combining ferumoxytol, heparin and protamine for cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2666
[40] NKG2D signaling on CD8+ T cells represses T-bet and rescues CD4-unhelped CD8+ T cell memory recall but not effector responses
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2683
NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[41] Functionally relevant neutrophilia in CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1905
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[42] A protein transistor made of an antibody molecule and two gold nanoparticles
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.7
[43] Imaging the charge distribution within a single molecule
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.20
Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[44] Serotonergic transcriptional networks and potential importance to mental health
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3039
[45] Primary oligodendrocyte death does not elicit anti-CNS immunity
DOII: 10.1038/nn.3062
[46] Unique functional properties of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons in mouse barrel cortex
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3051
[47] Slow oscillations in two pairs of dopaminergic neurons gate long-term memory formation in Drosophila
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3055
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[48] Ultralow-power all-optical RAM based on nanocavities
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.2
[49] Cascaded single-photon emission from the Mollow triplet sidebands of a quantum dot
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.23
Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[50] Multistep redirection by cross-beam power transfer of ultrahigh-power lasers in a plasma
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2239
[51] Spin-nematic squeezed vacuum in a quantum gas
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2245
[52] Large-scale electron acceleration by parallel electric fields during magnetic reconnection
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2249
--------------------------------------------------
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Aspendale: 4
Canberra: 4
Parkville: 4
Sydney: 34
BELGIUM
Brussels: 29
Ghent: 11
Leuven: 25, 26, 29, 37
CANADA:
Burnaby: 1
Hamilton: 26
London: 26
Ottawa: 29
CHINA
Beijing: 21
CROATIA
Rijeka: 40
CYPRUS
Nicosia: 30
FINLAND
Helsinki: 27
Oulu: 27
Seinajoki: 27
Tampere: 27
Vaasa: 27
FRANCE
Bordeaux: 29
Croissy-sur-Seine: 5
Gif-sur-Yvette: 24, 47
Grenoble: 34
Illkirch: 15
Paris: 15, 26, 29, 47
Pessac: 25
Rouen: 26
Toulouse: 24, 26, 47
Villejuif: 25
GERMANY
Berlin: 25, 29, 45
Bonn: 41
Essen: 29
Goettingen: 46
Halle: 35
Heidelberg: 41
Konstanz: 23
Leipzig: 45
Lubeck: 29
Mainz: 30, 45
Marburg: 19
Martinsried: 47
Munich: 19, 45
Potsdam: 30
Stuttgart: 49
HUNGARY
Budapest: 9
ISRAEL
Haifa: 37
Rehovot: 41
ITALY
Chieti: 16
Milan: 16, 27
Naples: 16
Padova: 9
Pavia: 29
Reggio Emilia: 29
Rome: 27, 29
JAPAN
Akita: 28
Kanagawa: 48
Kawasaki: 32
Kumamoto: 28
Kyoto: 28
Morioka: 28
Nankoku: 28
Saitama: 2
Tokorozawa: 32
Tokyo: 28, 32
Toyama: 32
Yokohama: 28
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 29, 46
Breda: 29
Groningen: 26, 29, 34
Leiden: 11, 25
Maastricht: 25
Nijmegen: 22, 26
Rotterdam: 26, 29, 37
Utrecht: 8, 29
NEW ZEALAND
Hamilton: 23
Nelson: 23
NORWAY
Bergen: 24
Oslo: 8, 38
Trondheim: 8
POLAND
Katowice: 29
Warsaw: 29
PORTUGAL
Coimbra: 29
SAUDI ARABIA
Riyadh: 30
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 7
SOUTH AFRICA
Johannesburg: 8
SOUTH KOREA
Gyeonggi-Do: 26
Seoul: 7, 32
SPAIN
Barcelona: 37
Madrid: 23
Valencia: 23
SWITZERLAND
Basel: 29
Geneva: 29
Lausanne: 46
Ruschlikon: 43
Zurich: 34, 45
TAIWAN
Hsinchu: 42
UNITED KINGDOM
Belfast: 29
Bristol: 25
Cambridge: 17, 25, 36
Cardiff: 26
Durham: 31
Liverpool: 29
London: 29, 36, 41
Newburgh: 23
Nottingham: 29
Oban: 23
Oxford: 21
Uxbridge: 8
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama
Huntsville: 12
California
Berkeley: 12, 34
La Jolla: 1, 31
Livermore: 50
Los Angeles: 28
Menlo Park: 21
Pasadena: 10
San Diego: 50
San Francisco: 12, 33
Santa Barbara: 34
Stanford: 21
Walnut Creek: 12
Connecticut
New Haven: 5, 16
Delaware
Wilmington: 26
District of Columbia
Washington: 31
Florida
Tallahassee: 6
Georgia
Atlanta: 51
Hawaii
Honolulu: 28, 31
Illinois
Chicago: 38, 40
Maywood: 40
Kentucky
Lexington: 29
Louisiana
New Orleans: 26
Maryland
Baltimore: 5, 20
Bethesda: 39
Massachusetts
Boston: 2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 18
Cambridge: 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 52
Woods Hole: 31
Michigan
Detroit: 29
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 40
Mississippi
Jackson: 26, 29
New Jersey
Newark: 15
Princeton: 13
Raritan: 14
New Mexico
Los Alamos: 50, 52
New York
Bronx: 5
Cold Spring Harbor: 13, 46
New York: 26, 37
North Carolina
Durham: 27
Ohio
Cleveland: 44
Columbus: 26
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia: 1, 29
Tennessee
Memphis: 40
Texas
Houston: 8
Virginia
Ashburn: 47
Charlottesville: 20
Washington
Seattle: 12, 26
----------------------------------------------------
PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Rachel Twinn (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]
Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]
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For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
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Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Climate Change (London)
Rory Howlett
Tel: +44 20 7014 4009; E-mail: [email protected]
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Laurie Dempsey
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Nature Materials (London)
Vincent Dusastre
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Nature Medicine (New York)
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Tel: +1 212 726 9325; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
Tel: +1 212 726 9627; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
Tel: +44 20 7014 4019; Email: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
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Tel: +44 20 7843 4555; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
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Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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