This press release contains:
• Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Geoscience: Complexities of the Haiti earthquake
Geoscience: Landslide-generated tsunamis in Haiti
Methods: Making small genomes
Medicine: New factor required for hepatitis C infection
Geoscience: Carbonate rocks buried deep in the martian crust
Genetics: Variants associated with obesity
Nature: Water cycle dries out
Methods: Targeting specific cell types
Immunology: Natural inflammation suppressor
And finally…Neuroscience: Heightened senses
• Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
• Geographical listing of authors
PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.
Warning: This document, and the Nature journal papers to which it refers, may contain information that is price sensitive (as legally defined, for example, in the UK Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part V) with respect to publicly quoted companies. Anyone dealing in securities using information contained in this document, or in advance copies of a Nature journal’s content, may be guilty of insider trading under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
PICTURES: To obtain artwork from any of the journals, you must first obtain permission from the copyright holder (if named) or author of the research paper in question (if not).
NOTE: Once a paper is published, the digital object identifier (DOI) number can be used to retrieve the abstract and full text from the journal web site (abstracts are available to everyone, full text
is available only to subscribers). To do this, add the DOI to the following URL: http://dx.doi.org/
(For example, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng730). For more information about DOIs and Advance Online Publication, see http://www.nature.com/ng/aop/.
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PLEASE CITE THE SPECIFIC NATURE JOURNAL AND WEBSITE AS THE SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS. IF PUBLISHING ONLINE, PLEASE CARRY A HYPERLINK TO THE APPROPRIATE JOURNAL’S WEBSITE.
[1] Geoscience: Complexities of the Haiti earthquake
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo977
The devastating Haiti earthquake on 12 January 2010 involved slip on numerous faults, but resulted in very little deformation of the ground surface, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. Initially the Haiti earthquake was thought to be the consequence of movement along a single fault, which accommodates the motion between the Caribbean and North American plates. This paper is one of the first two to be published this month as part of Nature Geoscience’s special issue on the Haiti earthquake.
Gavin Hayes and colleagues used a combination of seismological observations, geologic field data and satellite geodetic measurements to analyse warping of the ground caused during the earthquake. By modelling the patterns of surface deformation, they were able to assess which fault was responsible. Their results showed that the earthquake may not have been caused by the simple rupture of a single fault, but instead may have involved a complex series of faults. The pattern of surface deformation was caused by some movement on a previously unknown, subsurface thrust fault, named the Léogâne fault. The thrust fault caused older rocks to be pushed up over younger ones, but did not rupture the surface.
Author contact:
Gavin Hayes (U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 273 8421
E-mail: [email protected]
[2] Geoscience: Landslide-generated tsunamis in Haiti
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo975
The ground motion produced by the 2010 Haiti earthquake—in combination with quake-triggered coastal landslides—generated several small tsunamis, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. Strike-slip fault systems, such as the one that runs through Haiti, are not usually associated with tsunamis.
Using geologic field data and images of the ocean floor, Matthew Hornbach and colleagues documented only modest uplift of the ground surface that would not usually be sufficient to generate a tsunami. However, they found that the earthquake also caused several submarine landslides, which, together with the ground motion, resulted in the production of local tsunamis.
The researchers conclude that the coastal setting and high sedimentation rates in this region probably cause landslide-generated tsunamis much more frequently in Haiti than previously predicted. This paper is one of the first two to be published this month as part of Nature Geoscience’s special issue on the Haiti earthquake.
Author contact:
Matthew Hornbach (The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 512 636 5030
E-mail: [email protected]
[3] Methods: Making small genomes
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1515
The synthesis of an entire organellar genome, the mouse mitochondrium, from synthetic 60 nucleotide fragments, is published online this week in Nature Methods. This work may open the door for the rapid design of small genomes with any modification of choice.
Though Daniel Gibson and colleagues had previously created a bacterial genome from synthetic parts, the assembly of this genome was laborious and expensive. Here the authors optimize the assembly process into a fast and largely automatable process that can be carried out in test tubes and is amenable to any sequence. The team demonstrates the potential of their optimized approach by synthesizing the 16.3 kilobase mouse mitochondrial genome from 600 overlapping oligonucleotides. Although they do not functionally test the organelle, they propose ways to do so. This assembly approach should therefore aid the process of synthesizing of any genetic element of choice from small building blocks.
Author contact:
Daniel Gibson (Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA)
Tel: +1 301 795 7268
E-mail: [email protected]
[4] Medicine: New factor required for hepatitis C infection
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2238
An article in this week’s Nature Medicine reports that the enzyme DGAT1—important for the metabolism of lipids—is necessary for hepatitis C infection and could be a new target for antiviral therapy.
Over 160 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and infection can lead to severe liver disease in many cases. Hepatitis C infection is closely linked to fat metabolism in liver cells. Melanie Ott and her team have identified the lipid-synthesizing enzyme DGAT1 as a key host factor for HCV infection. DGAT1 interacts with the virus and is required for its trafficking to lipid droplets in human cells. Inhibition of DGAT1 activity severely impairs viral production, implicating DGAT1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Author contact:
Melanie Ott (Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 415 734 4807
E-mail: [email protected]
[5] Geoscience: Carbonate rocks buried deep in the martian crust
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo971
Extensive deposits of carbonate sedimentary rocks may be buried several kilometres beneath the surface of Mars, according to a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The presence of abundant carbonate minerals could indicate the past existence of a surface environment rich in carbon dioxide.
Carbonate minerals have previously been detected on Mars, but the observations have been sparse and isolated. Joseph Michalski and Paul Niles used satellite data to assess the geology of the Leighton Crater, near the martian Syrtis Major volcano. Their data reveal extensive deposits of carbonate minerals that were exposed by a meteorite impact. The team proposes that these deposits represent ancient sediments that were subsequently buried by volcanic material from Syrtis
Major.
Author contact:
Joseph Michalski (Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA)
Tel: +33 6 07 32 91 82
E-mail: [email protected]
[6] & [7] Genetics: Variants associated with obesity
DOI: 10.1038/ng.685
DOI: 10.1038/ng.686
Genetic variants associated with obesity related traits are reported in two papers published
online this week in Nature Genetics.
Ruth Loos and colleagues report meta-analysis of 46 genome-wide association studies for body mass index (BMI)—a measure of general adiposity and obesity—including 123,865 individuals. They identify 18 genomic regions newly associated with BMI, and confirm 14 previously associated regions. They highlight a role for neuronal regulators of energy balance in weight
regulation.
Iris Heid and colleagues report meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies for waist-hip ratio (WHR)—a measure of body fat distribution—including 77,167 individuals. They identify 13 genomic regions newly associated with WHR. Seven of these associations show a stronger effect in women, highlighting sex specific differences. They find limited overlap in the genomic regions associated with body fat distribution and those associated with BMI and obesity, suggesting different regulatory pathways.
Author contacts:
Ruth Loos (Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK)
Author paper [6]
Tel: +44 1223 769139
E-mail: [email protected]
Iris Heid (University
Medical Center,
Regensburg, Germany) Author paper [7]
Tel: +49 941 944 5210
E-mail: [email protected]
[8] Nature: Climate change: Water cycle dries out
DOI: 10.1038/nature09396
A limitation in moisture supply in the Southern Hemisphere has contributed to falling rates of evapotranspiration in the past ten years, suggests a Nature paper. This slowing trend could have an impact on vulnerable ecosystems, water resources and climate feedbacks.
Evapotranspiration — the combination of evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from plants — is a fundamental flux of water and energy in the climate system. It is also a strong determinant of water availability for plant growth and human consumption. Climate change is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle and to alter evapotranspiration, but direct observational constraints have been lacking at the global scale.
Martin Jung and colleagues model global evapotranspiration over a large variety of ecosystems using data from a global monitoring network combined with meteorological and remote-sensing observations. They find that from 1982 to 1997, evapotranspiration increased persistently by about 7.1 millimetres per year per decade. But since 1998 and the last major El Niño event, this increasing trend has flattened, probably due to limits on moisture supply, particularly in Africa and Australia.
The authors stress that it is too soon to tell whether the changing behaviour of evapotranspiration is representative of natural climate variability or reflects a more permanent reorganization of the land water cycle.
Author contact:
Martin Jung (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany)
Tel: +49 364 157 6261
E-mail: [email protected]
[9] Methods: Targeting specific cell types
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1514
Viral vectors that are tailored for the specific delivery of genes to a variety of human and mouse cell types are reported in a study published this week in Nature Methods. This technology enables specific gene transfer into target cells in a live animal.
Genetic modification of cells is generally achieved using viral vectors such as lentiviruses. These viruses stably integrate the gene of interest into the chromosomes of dividing as well as nondividing cells. Current state-of-the-art lentiviral vectors are equipped with a specific protein that mediates nonselective entry into all types of mouse, rat and human cells. Very often though, the delivery to specific cell types is desired, and viruses can be engineered to selectively enter only specific cells.
Christian Buchholz and colleagues generated such cell-specific lentiviral vectors by modifying a protein on the surface of the virus with antibodies that recognize only specific surface proteins present on target cells. These engineered lentiviruses selectively infect human endothelial cells, cells that line the interior of blood vessels, human blood-cell progenitors and mouse neurons that express specific glutamate receptors which are important for brain physiology.
Author contact:
Christian J. Buchholz
(Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany)
Tel: +49 6103 77 4011
E-mail: [email protected]
[10] Immunology: Natural inflammation suppressor
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1944
Interleukin 37 (IL-37)—a chemical mediator of the immune system—can suppress inflammation, according to a report published online in Nature Immunology.
IL-37 is a member of the IL-1 family of proteins, which more commonly are known to trigger inflammation and are targets for intervention in chronic inflammatory diseases. Charles
Dinarello and colleagues show that IL-37 does not elicit inflammation. Instead, IL-37 suppresses expression of multiple inflammatory mediators and can prevent septic shock in a mouse model.
Better understanding of how IL-37 dampens this inflammatory signaling network could provide insights to treatment of inflammatory disease.
Author contact:
Charles Dinarello (University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 724 4920
E-mail: [email protected]
[11] And finally…Neuroscience: Heightened senses
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2653
The enhanced visual acuity and heightened motion detection found in deaf cats is because of reorganization of the brain area typically devoted to auditory function, reports a study published online this week in Nature Neuroscience. The findings provide insight into the plasticity that may occur in the brains of deaf people.
Previous studies of people who are deaf or blind have documented enhanced perceptual abilities in the remaining senses. It had been proposed that these enhanced abilities might be mediated by a reorganization of the part of the brain that would normally sub-serve the lost sense.
Stephen Lomber and colleagues have established a more causal link between enhanced visual abilities and reorganization of the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats. They found that when two specific areas of auditory cortex were deactivated, the deaf cats no longer had enhanced visual abilities. This is in comparison to hearing cats whose abilities were unaffected by this treatment.
Interestingly, the team discovered the area that sub-served the deaf cats’ enhanced visual localization typically sub-serves sound localization in hearing cats. Also, the area that was found to sub-serve the enhanced motion detection is adjacent to visual motion processing areas, implying that the enhanced visual abilities in deaf cats were not mediated in a distribution fashion by the entire auditory cortex, but by discrete regions.
Author contact:
Stephen Lomber (University of Western Ontario, London, Canada)
Tel: +1 519 663 5777
E-mail: [email protected]
******************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE
[12] Video imaging of walking myosin V by high-speed atomic force microscopy
DOI: 10.1038/nature09450
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
[13] Microtubule and katanin-dependent dynamics of microtubule nucleation complexes in the acentrosomal Arabidopsis cortical array
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2110
[14] Epithelial septate junction assembly relies on melanotransferrin iron binding and endocytosis in Drosophila
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2111
[15] SUMOylation of the GTPase Rac1 is required for optimal cell migration
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2112
[16] Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate epigenetic gene silencing through phosphorylation of EZH2
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2116
[17] Ascl1a regulates Müller glia dedifferentiation and retinal regeneration through a Lin 28-dependent, let 7 microRNA signalling pathway
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2115
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
[18] Coupling of receptor conformation and ligand orientation determine graded activity
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.451
NATURE CHEMISTRY
[19] Crystallographic snapshots of the reaction of aromatic C–H with O2 catalysed by a protein-bound iron complex
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.841
[20] Small-molecule-mediated G-quadruplex isolation from human cells
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.842
[21] Anion-switchable supramolecular gels for controlling pharmaceutical crystal growth
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.859
[22] Biocatalytic induction of supramolecular order
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.861
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY
[23] The microRNA miR-182 is induced by IL-2 and promotes clonal expansion of activated helper T lymphocytes
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1945
[24] IL-12 initiates tumor rejection via lymphoid tissue–inducer cells bearing the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1947
NATURE MATERIALS
[25] An engineered nanofilm with unidirectional wetting
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2864
[26] Orally delivered thioketal-nanoparticles loaded with TNFa-siRNA target inflammation and inhibit gene expression in the intestines
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2859
[27] Observation of long-range exciton diffusion in highly ordered organic semiconductors
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2872
[28] Fractal avalanche ruptures in biological membranes
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2854
NATURE METHODS
[29] Trans-SILAC: sorting out the Non-Cell-Autonomous Proteome
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1513
[30] De novo assembly and analysis of RNA-seq data
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1517
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
[31] Autonomous multistep organic synthesis in a single isothermal solution mediated by a DNA walker
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.190
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
[32] Zebrafish atlastin controls motility and spinal motor axon architecture via inhibition of the BMP pathway
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2662
[33] The habenula is crucial for experience-dependent modification of fear responses in zebrafish
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2654
[34] The MAP kinase phosphatase MKP-1 regulates BDNF-induced axon branching
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2655
[35] A crosstalk between beta1 and beta3 integrins controls glycine receptor and gephyrin trafficking at inhibitory synapses
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2645
[36] Fbw7 controls neural stem cell differentiation and progenitor apoptosis via Notch and c-Jun
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2644
NATURE PHYSICS
[37] Modeling loop-top X-ray source and reconnection outflows in solar flares with intense lasers
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1790
[38] Loss of nodal quasiparticle integrity in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1763
[39] Nonlinear optical effects in trapping nanoparticles with femtosecond pulses
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1776
[40] Simulations of efficient Raman amplification into the multi-Petawatt regime
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1793
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
[41] The Fas–FADD death domain complex structure reveals the basis of DISC assembly and disease mutations
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1920
[42] Rad51 protects nascent DNA from Mre11-dependent degradation and promotes continuous DNA synthesis
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1927
[43] Rmi1 stimulates decatenation of double Holliday junctions during dissolution by Sgs1–Top3
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1919
[44] Structural polymorphism in F-actin
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1930
********************************************************************************
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working
temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Brisbane: 6, 7
Crawley: 6, 7
Melbourne: 6, 7, 10
Nedlands: 6, 7
Parkville: 6, 7
Perth: 6, 7
AUSTRIA
Innsbruck: 6, 7
Vienna: 9, 14
CANADA:
Hamilton: 6, 7
London: 11
Montreal: 6, 7, 32
Vancouver: 29, 30, 38
CHINA
Beijing: 37, 41
Hangzhou: 37
Shanghai: 37
CROATIA
Split: 6, 7
Zagreb: 6, 7
DENMARK
Aarhus: 6, 7
Copenhagen: 6, 7
Gentofte: 6, 7
Glostrup: 6, 7
Odense: 6, 7
ESTONIA
Tartu: 6, 7
FINLAND
Helsinki: 6, 7, 9
Jakobstad: 6, 7
Kuopio: 6, 7
Lappeenranta: 6, 7
Oulu: 6, 7
Rovaniemi: 6, 7
Seinajoki: 6, 7
Tampere: 6, 7
Turku: 6, 7
Vasa: 6, 7
FRANCE
Gif-sur-Yvette: 8
Grenoble: 19
La Riche: 6, 7
Lille: 6, 7
Marseille: 19
Montpellier: 8
Nancy: 6, 7
Paris: 4, 5, 6, 7, 28, 32, 35
Villejuif: 6, 7
GERMANY
Bergisch-Gladbach: 9, 23
Berlin: 7, 23
Datteln: 7
Dortmund: 41
Dresden: 6, 7
Essen: 7
Frankfurt: 9
Garching: 7
Greifswald: 6, 7, 23
Groningen: 6
Hannover: 11
Heidelberg: 9, 23
Jena: 8
Julich: 44
Karlsruhe: 32
Kiel: 7
Langen: 9
Leipzig: 6, 7
Lubeck: 6, 7
Marburg: 7
Munich: 6, 7, 10
Neuherberg: 6, 7
Nuthetal: 6, 7
Potsdam: 8
Regensburg: 6, 7
Stuttgart: 9
Ulm: 7
HAITI
Port-au-Prince: 2
ICELAND
Kopavogur: 6, 7
Reykjavik: 6, 7
INDIA
Indore: 22
New Delhi: 7
IRELAND
Dublin: 6, 7
ISRAEL
Tel-Aviv: 29
ITALY
Bolzano: 8
Bolzano-Bozen: 6, 7
Cagliari: 6, 7
Ispra: 8
Milan: 7, 22
Trento: 8
Viterbo: 8
JAPAN
Aichi: 33, 39
Ikoma: 13
Kanazawa: 12
Maebashi: 12
Nagoya: 1
Saitama: 33
Sapporo: 33
Shizuoka: 33
Tokyo: 12, 33
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 6, 7, 8
Delft: 22
Groningen: 7
Leiden: 6, 7
Nijmegen: 7
Rotterdam: 6, 7
NORWAY
Levanger: 6, 7
Trondheim: 6, 7
PORTUGAL
Lisbon: 40
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 7
SOUTH KOREA
Busan: 41
Seoul: 41
SPAIN
Barcelona: 7
SWEDEN
Gothenburg: 6, 7, 28
Malmo: 6, 7
Stockholm: 6, 7, 14
Uppsala: 6, 7
SWITZERLAND
Lausanne: 6, 7
Zurich: 8, 24, 35,42
UNITED KINGDOM
Bath: 6, 7
Bristol: 6, 7
Cambridge: 6, 7, 20
Coventry: 7
Didcot: 40
Dundee: 7, 15
Durham: 21
Edinburgh: 6, 7, 30
Exeter: 6, 7
Glasgow: 22, 40
Lancaster: 40
Leeds: 7, 22
Leicester: 6, 7
London: 6, 7, 32,36
Manchester: 15, 22
Oxford: 6, 7, 41, 43
South Mimms: 42
St Andrews: 40
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama
Huntsville: 6, 7
Arizona
Tucson: 5
Arkansas
Jefferson: 15
Little Rock: 15
California
Berkeley: 18, 38
Davis: 43
Irvine: 7, 8
Los Angeles: 6, 7
Menlo Park: 1, 2, 6, 7
Oakland: 6, 7
Pasadena: 1
San Diego: 3
San Francisco: 4, 6
Santa Barbara: 2
Stanford: 6, 7, 13, 28
Colorado
Aurora: 10
Boulder: 8
Decatur: 26
Fort Collins: 1
Golden: 1, 2
Connecticut
New Haven: 34
District of Columbia
Washington: 25
Florida
Jupiter: 18
Georgia
Atlanta: 26
Illinois
Evanston: 7
Urbana: 18
Maryland
Baltimore: 6, 7
Bethesda: 6, 7, 41
Frederick: 7
Rockville: 3
Massachusetts
Boston: 6, 7, 25, 41
Cambridge: 6, 7, 8, 31
Framingham: 6, 7
Worcester: 8
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 6, 7, 15, 17
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 7, 16
Missouri
Columbia: 2
St Louis: 6, 7
Montana
Missoula: 8
Polson: 8
New Jersey
Piscataway: 27
Princeton: 8
New York
Bronx: 6
Flushing: 2
New York: 7, 29, 34, 41
Palisades: 2
North Carolina
Chapel Hill: 6, 7
Winston-Salem: 7
Ohio
Toledo: 8
Oregon
Corvallis: 8
Pennsylvania
University Park: 25
Texas
Austin: 1, 2
Houston: 5, 6, 7, 18
Virginia
Charlottesville: 44
Richmond: 11
Washington
Seattle: 6, 7
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For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Sabbi Lall
Tel: +1 12 726 9326
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