Gut instinct

Summaries of newsworthy papers - Neuroscience: Synaptic loss in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease; Methods: Peering deep into the lung; Nanotechnology: Tissue engineering—how nanotechnology fits in; Geoscience: Heatwaves and soil moisture; Nature: The origin of Saturn’s rings

NATURE AND THE NATURE RESEARCH JOURNALS PRESS RELEASE

For papers that will be published online on 12 December 2010

This press release is copyrighted to the Nature journals mentioned below.

This press release contains:

• Summaries of newsworthy papers:

Nature: Gut instinct

Neuroscience: Synaptic loss in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease

Methods: Peering deep into the lung

Nanotechnology: Tissue engineering—how nanotechnology fits in

Medicine: Identifying adenovirus receptors

Immunology: Controlling inflammation by eating yourself

Genetics: Variants associated with polycystic ovary syndrome

Geoscience: Heatwaves and soil moisture

Materials: Empty liquids undergo arrest

Medicine: A new player in kidney disease

Genetics: Risk variant associated with endometriosis

Chemical Biology: A new look for lysine

And finally… Nature: The origin of Saturn’s rings

• Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo

• Geographical listing of authors

PDFs of all the papers mentioned on this release can be found in the relevant journal’s section of http://press.nature.com. Press contacts for the Nature journals are listed at the end of this release.

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[1] Nature: Gut instinct
DOI: 10.1038/nature09691

A process to direct pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue is reported online this week in Nature. The team demonstrate how both human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be directed using a series of growth factor manipulations, and the work could provide benefits for disease studies.

Studies in embryonic development have successfully directed the differentiation of human ES cells and iPSCs into specific organ cell types in culture. However, the generation of complex three-dimensional organ tissues has remained a major challenge. James Wells and colleagues establish a robust and efficient process to direct the differentiation into intestinal tissue. They show which factors are required for which stages of intestinal development. Pluripotent-stem-cell-derived human intestinal tissue should allow for unprecedented studies of human intestinal development and disease.

Author contact:
James Wells (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA)
Tel: +1 513 636 8767; E-mail: [email protected]

[2] Neuroscience: Synaptic loss in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2709

An early pathological process that leads to synaptic loss and decline of cognitive ability in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is unraveled in a paper online this week in Nature Neuroscience. This early pathology could be inhibited by a small molecule drug.

Francesco Cecconi and colleagues studied mice that carry a mutated gene known to cause a hereditary form of Alzheimer's disease in people. At the age of three months, these mice lose the ability to remember a threatening environment. The group found that at the same age, the enzyme caspase-3 was activated in the mice's hippocampus—a brain structure crucial to memory. Caspase-3 is a trigger of nerve cell death, however in this case no hippocampal neurons died. Instead, caspase-3 activity, via activation of a second enzyme, caused the removal of crucial receptor molecules from hippocampal synapses, thereby impairing synapse function. They show that inhibitor of caspase-3 prevented receptor loss from the synapses, and conserved the mice's ability to remember a cage where they had received painful electric shocks.

It remains to be tested, however, whether a caspase-3-dependent mechanism is also responsible for memory decline in early stage Alzheimer's patients, and whether inhibitors of caspase-3 might slow progress of the disease in people.

Author contact:
Francesco Cecconi (University of Rome 'Tor Vergata,' Italy)
Tel: +39 067 259 4230, E-mail: [email protected]

[3] Methods: Peering deep into the lung
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1543

In vivo imaging of the mouse lung – a very challenging organ to image – is reported this week in Nature Methods. Being able to image the lung, and possibly other organs, with a minimum disruption of normal function, should enable scientists to look deeper into many aspects of physiology and disease.

Imaging tissues or organs is ideally done within the living organism and as noninvasively as possible. But there are many challenges. Light is absorbed and scattered as it passes through tissue, degrading image quality. Furthermore, even anesthetized animals have a pulse and respiratory movements, complicating the imaging of dynamic processes. Many of these problems are exacerbated in the lung.

Yet the lung is the site of several important functions. It is a major location at which the internal milieu of the body encounters the environment, by way of inhaled air and its attendant toxins and pathogens. Both for respiration and immune function, the lung vasculature is in constant and relatively intimate contact with inhaled air.

Matthew Krummel and colleagues combine a series of classical and cutting-edge techniques to image the lung in the living mouse, and to do so without disrupting its normal physiology. Using two photon microscopy, they watch immune cells moving within the lung capillaries.

Author contact:
Matthew Krummel (University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA)
Tel: +1 415 514 3130; E-mail: [email protected]

[4] Nanotechnology: Tissue engineering—how nanotechnology fits in
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.246

The nanocomposite nature of the extracellular matrix may have been under-appreciated in the engineering of complex and functional tissues for organ transplantation, indicates a Review in this week’s Nature Nanotechnology.

Until recently, tissue construction has placed emphasis on improving mass transfer into the core of the material and designing biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds with suitable mechanical properties. Although these are important factors, Robert Langer and colleagues suggest that the approach fails to recapitulate the cell microenvironment and the finer details of the natural extracellular matrix that regulates essential functions of the cell.

The authors set out design considerations for different types of tissues and explain how existing nanotechnological tools can be used to recreate the important nanoscale features of the matrix to enhance tissue organization and the impact of nanostructures on these artificial matrices.

Author contact:
Robert Langer (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 253 3107/3123; E-mail: [email protected]

[5] & [6] Medicine: Identifying adenovirus receptors
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2267
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2270

The identification of cellular receptors that help us understand how adenoviruses infect cells in humans is reported in two papers in Nature Medicine this week. This understanding is crucial for the development of both effective treatments and medical reagents for a diverse range of human illnesses.

Niklas Arnberg and colleagues identified the receptor for adenovirus type 37 (Ad37) – a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis—a type of eye disease—for which there is no approved antiviral therapy. Thereceptor is a complex sugar molecule, or glycan, which is present on many glycoproteins. The finding provides a starting point for the development of drugs that can block infection of corneal cells by Ad37, in order to slow the spread of the disease.

In a second paper, André Lieber and colleagues report that desmoglein 2 (DSG-2) – a protein involved in interactions between cells – is the receptor for Ad3, Ad7, Ad11 and Ad14, adenoviruses causing respiratory infections. The team found that adenovirus binding to DSG-2 caused a transient opening at the site of cell-cell contact, allowing access to other proteins located at the junction. The authors propose that harnessing this property of virus binding to DSG-2 could improve delivery of therapeutic adenoviruses or increase the access of therapeutic antibodies, such as those used in cancer treatments, to proteins located at intercellular junctions.

Author contacts:
Niklas Arnberg (Umeå University, Sweden) Author paper [5]
Tel: +46 907 858 440; E-mail: [email protected]
André Lieber (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA) Author paper [6]
Tel: +1 206 221 3973; E-mail: [email protected]

[7] Immunology: Controlling inflammation by eating yourself
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1980

Autophagocytosis—cellular self-eating—may be crucial for maintaining a balanced immune response by clearing damaged mitochondria and preventing excessive inflammation, reports an article published online this week in Nature Immunology.

Autophagy is a crucial physiological process wherein cells engulf and digest their own organelles, such as mitochondria, which are cellular power plants. Unlike other cellular components encoded by nuclear genes, mitochondria carry their own DNA.

Augustine Choi and colleagues find that damaged mitochondria—as can occur during infection—release DNA, which when detected triggers secretion of inflammatory molecules IL-1 and IL-18. The authors show that autophagocytosis is crucial for degrading such damaged mitochondria before they can trigger an inflammatory response. Failure to do so results in hyper-inflammation.

Author contact:
Augustine Choi (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 732 7599; E-mail: [email protected]

[8] Genetics: Variants associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
DOI: 10.1038/ng.732

Three genetic loci that are associated with risk of polycystic ovary syndrome are identified in this week’s issue of Nature Genetics.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes many small cysts in the ovaries and affects fertility. PCOS affects approximately six to ten percent of women of reproductive age and leads to hormonal imbalance. If untreated, PCOS may lead to diabetes and heart disease.

Zi-Jiang Chen and colleagues analyzed the genomes of 4073 PCOS patients of Han Chinese ancestry. They identify three genetic loci that are associated with risk of PCOS on chromosomes 2p16.3, 2p21, and 9q33.3.

Author contact:
Zi-Jiang Chen (Shandong University, Jinan, China)
Tel: +86 531 85187856; E-mail: [email protected]

[9] Geoscience: Heatwaves and soil moisture
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1032

Extremely hot temperatures have been linked to low soil moisture in southeastern Europe, but not in central Europe, finds an observation-based study online this week in Nature Geoscience. This shows that climate models correctly represent the relationship in southeastern Europe, but have overestimated the links in central Europe.

Martin Hirschi and colleagues analysed observational indices for soil moisture and temperature. They compared the relatively wet central European region with a dryer area in southeastern Europe and found that, whereas soil moisture affected the occurrence of extreme summer heat in the dryer regime, only a weak relationship was detected in the wet domain. Because soil moisture builds up over longer timescales, an impact of soil moisture deficits on extreme heatwaves could help with the development of early-warning systems.

In an accompanying News and Views, Lisa Alexander says “The study by Hirschi and colleagues [...] suggests that in some regions [...], prediction of the most severe events could be improved.”

Author contacts:
Martin Hirschi (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)
Tel: +41 44 256 95 45; E-mail: [email protected]

Lisa Alexander (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) N&V
author
Tel: +61 2 93858954; E-mail: [email protected]

[10] Materials: Empty liquids undergo arrest
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2921

The first observation of arrested empty liquids — sparse networks of bonded nanoparticles — is reported online in Nature Materials this week. The finding will make it possible to synthesize lightweight materials that are exceptionally stable and do not age.

Colloidal suspensions — liquids containing dispersed nanoparticles — typically undergo extremely slow separation into two phases. Such an arrested separation is an unstable gel. But, over a period of seven years, Ruzicka and colleagues observed a colloidal clay that forms a low-density (that is, almost empty) liquid that does not phase separate and becomes a stable gel. They also found that the gel consists of a sparse network of nanometre-sized discs making T-shaped contacts with each other — that is, the rim of one disc touches the face of another — as predicted from computer simulations of colloidal particles that form a limited number of bonds.

Author contacts:
Barbara Ruzicka (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy)
Tel: +39 064 991 3433; E-mail: [email protected]
Emanuela Zaccarelli (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy)
Tel: +39 064 991 3524; E-mail: [email protected]

[11] Medicine: A new player in kidney disease
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2261

The secreted glycoprotein angiopoietin-like-4 (Angptl4) is shown to play a role in kidney disease in a study in this week’s Nature Medicine. The results suggest a possible therapeutic avenue for some forms of kidney damage.

Dysfunction of podocytes – critical cells within the kidney involved in filtration of the blood – can lead to nephrotic syndrome in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine. Sumant Chugh and his colleagues show that hypersecretion of Angptl4 by podocytes results in this condition. The team found that Angptl4 mRNA and protein are highly upregulated in the podocytes of rats experimentally induced to have nephrotic syndrome, as well as in human biopsies from patients with a form of it. They also showed that transgenic overexpression of Angptl4 in podocytes in mice and in rats is sufficient to induce nephrotic syndrome, while Angptl4 knockout in mice showed protection from the disorder.

How overexpression of Angptl4 leads to nephrotic syndrome is not entirely clear, but the team found that much of the hypersecreted Angptl4 is not properly post-translationally modified by glycosylation. This results in a change of charge of the protein, which in turn could change the net charge of the extracellular matrix in the filtration units of the kidney, leading to its dysfunction. Supporting this hypothesis the group found that feeding a sialic acid precursor to the rats overexpressing Angptl4 in podocytes vastly increased the pool of secreted Angptl4 with a normal charge and helped ameliorate their kidney disease.

Author contact:
Sumant Chugh (University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA)
Tel: +1 205 996 9641; E-mail: [email protected]

[12] Genetics: Risk variant associated with endometriosis
DOI: 10.1038/ng.731

A genetic variant associated with risk of endometriosis—a condition in which tissues that line the uterus grow in other areas of the body—is reported in this week’s issue of Nature Genetics.

Endometriosis affects approximately six to ten percent of women of reproductive age and its symptoms include chronic pelvic mean, painful menstrual periods and infertility.

Krina Zondervan and colleagues report an analysis of 5586 patients with surgically confirmed endometriosis. The authors find that a genetic locus on chromosome 7p15.2 is associated with endometriosis in women of European ancestry.

Author contact:
Krina Zondervan (University of Oxford, UK)
Tel: +44 1865 287627; E-mail: [email protected]

[13] Chemical Biology: A new look for lysine
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.495

Researchers have identified a new modification for the amino acid lysine which introduces a negative charge rather than simply hiding the positive charge, which is what was previously understood. The work is published online this week in Nature Chemical Biology, and suggests that larger changes in protein function can be caused through this modification.

Cellular functions are controlled at many levels, including at the ‘post-translational’ level, after a protein has been created by the ribosome. These modifications typically involve the covalent attachment of small chemical groups or metabolites onto a protein.

Lysine, one of the common amino acids, is a frequent target of these modifications due to its unique chemical reactivity. Acetylation is the attachment of an acetyl group and is a frequent type of modification and can have significant consequences for the modified protein’s function.

Yingming Zhao and colleagues identify a new post-translational modification: the attachment of the metabolite succinate to lysine to generate succinyl-lysine. Using mass spectrometry data, the team demonstrates this modification on a large number of proteins and in a variety of cell types. Whereas acetylation is thought to simply ‘hide’ the normal positive charge of lysine, this new modification introduces a negative charge and so should be able to cause much larger changes in protein function.

Author contact:
Yingming Zhao (University of Chicago, IL, USA)
Tel: +1 773 834 1561; E-mail: [email protected]

[14] And finally… Nature: The origin of Saturn’s rings
DOI: 10.1038/nature09661

Saturn’s icy rings were formed by the action of planetary tidal forces on a large moon as it migrated inward, stripping away the moon’s icy outer layer and leaving a rocky core that was eventually lost to collision with the giant planet. These findings are suggested by the results of numerical simulations reported in Nature this week.

The origin of Saturn’s rings has not been explained adequately. One theory proposes that they are byproducts of a small moon that drifted within Saturn’s Roche limit and was disrupted much later by a comet. However, this fails to account for the composition of Saturn’s rings, which are more than 90–95% water ice, and would have needed a much larger flux of comets than observed.

Although Jupiter has four large moons, Saturn has only one, Titan, so it is likely that further large satellites of Saturn once existed. Robin Canup uses smoothed-particle hydrodynamics to simulate the tidal stripping of a thick icy shell from a Titan-sized moon. Mutual collisions among the icy fragments would have driven the particles into a pure-ice ring, initially much more massive than Saturn’s current rings. Over the age of the Solar System, collisions with meteoroids would have left the less-massive, 90–95% ice rings found today.

Canup suggests that this model can be tested using measurements planned for the end of the Cassini mission. The findings could explain the origin not only of Saturn’s rings and inner moons but also that of ring and moon systems around all giant planets.

Author contact:
Robin Canup (Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 546 6856; E-mail: [email protected]
Aurélien Crida (Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France) N&V author
Tel: +33 4 92 00 31 04; E-mail: [email protected]

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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:

Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)

[15] CENP-B preserves genome integrity at replication forks paused by retrotransposon LTR
DOI: 10.1038/nature09608

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)

[16] Genomic safe harbors permit high beta-globin transgene expression in thalassemia induced pluripotent stem cells
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1717

[17] Targeted integration in rat and mouse embryos with zinc-finger nucleases
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1731

[18] Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1732

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)

[19] CSPa promotes SNARE-complex assembly by chaperoning SNAP?25 during synaptic activity
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2131

[20] Myosin-Va transports the endoplasmic reticulum into the dendritic spines of Purkinje neurons
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2132

[21] LIF-independent JAK signalling to chromatin in embryonic stem cells uncovered from an adult stem cell disease
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2135

NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)

[22] Control and imaging of O(1D2) precession
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.929

[23] Surface-mediated chain reaction through dissociative attachment
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.930

[24] Rapid room-temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline spinels as oxygen reduction and evolution electrocatalysts
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.931

NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)

[25] Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies two non-HLA susceptibility loci
DOI: 10.1038/ng.728

[26] Massive parallel resequencing of positional candidates reveals low frequency /IL23R/ coding variants protecting against inflammatory bowel disease
DOI: 10.1038/ng.733

[27] FOXA1 is a critical determinant of Estrogen Receptor function and endocrine response
DOI: 10.1038/ng.730

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)

[28] Complex and variable crustal and uppermost mantle seismic anisotropy in the western United States
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1036

[29] Interhemispheric symmetry of the tropical African rainbelt over the
past 23,000 years
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1039

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)

[30] T-bet represses TH17 differentiation by preventing Runx1-mediated activation of the gene encoding RORgt
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1969

[31] Uracil residues dependent on the deaminase AID in immunoglobulin gene variable and switch regions
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1970

[32] Antigen processing by nardilysin and thimet oligopeptidase generates cytotoxic T cell epitopes
DOI: 10.1038/ni.1974

NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)

[33] A Contact-Active Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Hydrogel for Covalent Surface Immobilization
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2915

[34] Organic Electronic Ratchets Doing Work
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2922

[35] Degradable polyester scaffolds with controlled surface chemistry combining minimal protein adsorption with specific bioactivation
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2904

[36] Low temperature, high performance solution-processed metal oxide thin film transistors formed by a 'sol-gel on chip' process
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2914

[37] Electrochemical investigation of the P2-NaxCoO2 phase diagram
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2920

NATURE MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/nmed)

[38] Tumor-specific imaging through progression elevated gene-3 promoter-driven gene expression
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2269

NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)

[39] Selection-free zinc-finger nuclease engineering by context-dependent assembly (CoDA)
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1542

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)

[40] Vibrational and electronic heating in nanoscale junctions
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.240

[41] Multifunctional carbon-nanotube cellular endoscopes
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.241

[42] Science policy considerations for responsible nanotechnology decisions
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.191

Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)

[43] An evolving NGF-Hoxd1 signaling pathway mediates development of divergent neural circuits in vertebrates
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2710

[44] Auditory cortex spatial sensitivity sharpens during task performance
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2713

NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)

[45] Entanglement-enhanced measurement of a completely unknown optical phase
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.268

Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)

[46] A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1838

[47] Magnetically driven superconductivity in CeCu2Si2
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1852

[48] Dephasing time of GaAs electron spin qubits coupled to a nuclear bath exceeding 200 µs
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1856

[49] A 1.8 THz quantum-cascade laser operating significantly above the temperature of hw/kB
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1846

[50] Evidence for orbital superfluidity in the P-band of a bipartiteoptical square lattice
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1857

[51] Femtosecond coherence and quantum control of single molecules atroom temperature
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1858

Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)

[52] A methylation and phosphorylation switch between an adjacent lysine and serine determines human DNMT1 stability
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1939

[53] The resistance of DMC1 D-loops to dissociation may account for the DMC1 requirement in meiosis
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1946

[54] Crystal structure of the open conformation of the mammalian chaperonin CCT in complex with tubulin
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1971

[55] Cryo-EM structure of the E. coli translating ribosome in complex with SRP and its receptor
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1952

[56] Dicer associates with chromatin to repress genome activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1935

[57] A portable RNA sequence whose recognition by a synthetic antibody facilitates structural determination
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1945

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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS

The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.

AUSTRALIA
Brisbane: 45
Canberra: 29
Herston: 12
Melbourne: 15
Queensland: 35

AUSTRIA
Feldkirch: 25
Innsbruck: 25
Vienna: 9

BELGIUM
Antwerp: 26
Brussels: 26
Ghent: 26
Leuven: 25, 26
Liege: 26

BULGARIA
Sofia: 9

CANADA:
Montreal: 32
Quebec: 23
Toronto: 23, 57
Waterloo: 45

CHINA
Anhui: 8
Guangzhou: 8
Guangxi: 8
Guangdong: 8
Hefei: 45
Henan: 8
Jiangsu: 8
Jinan: 8
Liaoning: 8
Ningxia: 8
Shandong: 8
Shanghai: 8, 29, 35
Tianjin: 24
Zhenjiang: 8

CZECH REPUBLIC
Brno: 9

DENMARK
Copenhagen: 9

ESTONIA
Tallinn: 5

FINLAND
Helsinki: 6

FRANCE
Evry: 26
Grenoble: 6, 10, 37, 47, 55
Lille: 26
Lyon: 33
Paris: 15, 26, 42
Pessac: 37
Valbonne: 2

GERMANY
Aachen: 35
Berlin: 32
Bremen: 29
Bremerhaven: 29
Dresden: 47
Essen: 32
Garching: 47
Goettingen: 47
Hamburg: 25, 50
Hannover: 25
Heidelberg: 25
Kiel: 25
Mainz: 25
Munich: 25
Neuherberg: 25
Tuebingen: 5
Wurzburg: 35

INDIA
Kolkata: 41

IRELAND
Dublin: 26

ISRAEL
Rehovot: 48

ITALY
Ispra: 42
Milan: 10
Rome: 3, 10

JAPAN
Osaka: 36
Sapporo: 15

KOREA
Seoul: 30

NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam: 25, 32
Eindhoven: 34
Groningen: 11, 25
Leiden: 32
Nijmegen: 22
Texel: 29
Wageningen: 11

NORWAY
Bergen: 29
Oslo: 25

ROMANIA
Bucharest: 9

RUSSIA
Novosibirsk: 53

SINGAPORE
Singapore: 33

SPAIN
Badalona: 26
Barcelona: 51
Madrid: 54

SWEDEN
Goeteborg: 5
Gothenburg: 25
Linkoping: 26
Orebro: 26
Stockholm: 25, 26
Umea: 5
Uppsala: 32

SWITZERLAND
Basel: 56
Zurich: 9, 55

TURKEY
Istanbul: 6

UNITED KINGDOM
Birmingham: 11, 32
Cambridge: 15, 21, 27, 36
Glasgow: 5
Hinxton: 12
London: 15
Oxford: 12, 22, 54

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Arizona
Tempe: 28
California
Berkeley: 46
Irvine: 44
Loma Linda: 6
Palo Alto: 19
Pasadena: 55
San Francisco: 3
Stanford: 22
Colorado
Boulder: 14, 28
Connecticut
New Haven: 31, 39
District of Columbia
Washington: 42
Florida
Orlando: 57
Georgia
Athens: 43
Atlanta: 18, 52
Illinois
Chicago: 13, 18, 57
Iowa
Ames: 39
Kentucky
Lexington: 32
Maryland
Baltimore: 31, 38, 43
Bethesda: 20, 31, 53
Massachusetts
Boston: 4, 12, 30, 32, 39, 46
Cambridge: 4, 39, 48, 49, 57
Charlestown: 39
Ipswich: 52
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 36, 44
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 39
Rochester: 25
St. Paul: 39
Missouri
St Louis: 17, 18
Nebraska
Omaha: 6
New Jersey
Princeton: 46
New Mexico
Albuquerque: 49
Mexico City: 11
New York
Cold Spring Harbor: 15
New York: 16
Ohio
Cincinnati: 1
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City: 53
Pennsylvania
Bethlehem: 49
Philadelphia: 16, 41, 53
Tennessee
Nashville: 5
Texas
Austin: 15
Houston: 40, 47
Utah
Salt Lake City: 43
Virginia
Richmond: 38
Washington
Seattle: 3, 6, 30

PRESS CONTACTS…

For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:

Rachel Twinn (Nature London)

Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]

Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)

Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]

Ruth Francis (Head of Press, Nature, London)

Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]

For media inquiries relating to editorial content policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:

Nature Biotechnology (New York)
Michael Francisco
Tel: +1 212 726 9288; E-mail: [email protected]

Nature Cell Biology (London)
Sowmya Swaminathan
Tel: +44 20 7843 4656; E-mail: [email protected]

Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Carrie Meggs
Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]

Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018; E-mail: [email protected]

Nature Genetics (New York)
Myles Axton
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Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
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Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
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Nature Materials (London)
Vincent Dusastre
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Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
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Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
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Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
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Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319; E-mail: [email protected]

Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
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Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Sabbi Lall
Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]

Published: 12 Dec 2010

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http://www.nature.com/ NATURE http://www.nature.com/nmeth/ Nature Methods http://www.nature.com/nm/ Nature Medicine http://www.nature.com/nnano/ Nature Nanotechnology http://www.nature.com/ni/ Nature Immunology http://www.nature.com/neuro/ Nature Neuroscience http://www.nature.com/ngeo/ Nature Geoscience http://www.nature.com/ng/ Nature Genetics http://www.nature.com/nmat/ Nature Materials http://www.nature.com/nchembio/ Nature Chemical Biology

Reference: 

Cell
Gut
Medicine