This press release contains:
---Summaries of newsworthy papers:
Geoscience: Aerosols and rain
Nature: Comment: The risks and rewards of lab-bred flu
Climate Change: Impact of increased temperature in Brisbane, Australia
Cell Biology: Converting stem cells into fat-producing cells
Genetics: Common genetic basis of skin disorder in golden retrievers and humans
Geoscience: Caterpillar-like motion of the Kohat Plateau
Genetics: Schistosome genome sequence
And finally…Geoscience: Titan’s atmospheric layers
---Mention of papers to be published at the same time with the same embargo
---Geographical listing of authors
Warning: This document, and the Nature journal papers to which it refers, may contain information that is price sensitive (as legally defined, for example, in the UK Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part V) with respect to publicly quoted companies. Anyone dealing in securities using information contained in this document, or in advance copies of a Nature journal’s content, may be guilty of insider trading under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
PICTURES: To obtain artwork from any of the journals, you must first obtain permission from the copyright holder (if named) or author of the research paper in question (if not).
NOTE: Once a paper is published, the digital object identifier (DOI) number can be used to retrieve the abstract and full text from the journal web site (abstracts are available to everyone, full text is available only to subscribers). To do this, add the DOI to the following URL: http://dx.doi.org/ (For example, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng730). For more information about DOIs and Advance Online Publication, see http://www.nature.com/ng/aop/.
HYPE: We take great care not to hype the papers mentioned on our press releases, but are sometimes accused of doing so. If you ever consider that a story has been hyped, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected], citing the specific example.
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[1] Geoscience: Aerosols and rain
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1364
Increases in atmospheric aerosol abundance are associated with an intensification of rainfall over the land and oceans, reports a study published online in Nature Geoscience this week.
The influence of aerosols on clouds and, in particular, precipitation, is uncertain. Ilan Koren and colleagues examined the relationship between aerosols and rain, using satellite and meteorological data. They find that increases in aerosol abundance are associated with a rise in the intensity of rainfall in the tropics, subtropics and mid-latitudes.
Author contact:
Ilan Koren (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel)
Tel: + 972 8 934 2522; E-mail: [email protected]
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Nature: Comment: The risks and rewards of lab-bred flu
In a Comment article in next week’s Nature — appearing online on Sunday — experts weigh in on how to handle research creating contagious forms of the deadly avian flu virus, and how to prevent pandemics without putting the world at risk.
The US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) recently made an unprecedented recommendation to censor two scientific papers describing how to make a form of the H5N1 avian flu virus that could potentially be easily transmitted between humans. The NSABB said that the general conclusions could be published but that the papers (submitted to Nature and Science) should omit details that might allow people to replicate the experiments. Some scientists suggest that partial publication could hamper research that could help defend against a flu pandemic. Others complain that the NSABB has done too little, too late, to protect the world from a potentially dangerous man-made pathogen.
Ron Fouchier and Ab Osterhaus, who are involved in some of the H5N1 research in question, believe that the discussion should be internationalized. Kwok-Yung Yuen, an infectious-disease expert based in Hong Kong — where the first human epidemic of infection by H5N1 took place — argues that the work is vital, but he is supportive of the NSABB’s recommendation.
Other experts include John Steinbruner, who describes a possible procedure for handling redacted papers and David L. Heymann, who looks at the implications for research on other infectious diseases.
Author contact:
Please contact the press office for further information: [email protected]
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[2] Climate Change: Impact of increased temperature in Brisbane, Australia
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1369
Temperature is an important determinant of health and researchers are keen to understand how the temperature-health relationship will change as temperatures increase. Research in Nature Climate Change this week suggests that temperature-related ‘years of life lost’ could potentially worsen if future climate change goes beyond a 2 degree increase without any adaptation to higher temperatures. This prediction highlights that public health adaptation to climate change is necessary.
While most studies on climate and health look at mortality risks in general, it has been suggested that years of life lost is a more informative measurement for quantifying premature mortality. This measurement gives greater weight to deaths at younger ages instead of elderly, more vulnerable people who may only have a life expectancy of a few years irrespective of extreme temperatures. Cunrui Huang and colleagues estimate that years of life lost is associated with season and temperature in Brisbane, Australia. They study population data in Brisbane between 1996 and 2004, and convert the figures into ‘years of life lost’. They estimate that a 1 degree temperature increase by 2050 would lead to a total decrease of 98 temperature-related years of life lost across men and women and suggest that this decrease occurs because the increased heat-related years of life lost are offset by the decreased cold-related years of life lost. They go on to project that a 2 degree increase in temperature over the same period – the global target set out by the IPCC – would raise the incidence of temperature related years of life lost to 381 in that population, as the heat related deaths reach levels whereby they can’t be offset by cold-related deaths. They also look at a greater increase of 4 degrees and project it would have much greater effects, with a projected net increase of 3,242 temperature related years of life lost in 2050 relative to 2000.
They conclude that both extreme heat and cold are important factors for public health even in a subtropical city, but caution that the single location used in this study limits the generalizability of results. They also note that existing frailties within the population weren’t fully taken into account. The work could, however, serve important to decision makers who develop early warning systems and intervention strategies for mitigating the health effects of extreme temperatures.
Author contact:
Cunrui Huang (Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia)
Tel: +61 7 3138 9673; E-mail: [email protected]
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[3] Cell Biology: Converting stem cells into fat-producing cells
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2411
The efficient production of the two types of human fat-producing cells — known as white and brown adipocytes — from human pluripotent stem cells is reported online this week in Nature Cell Biology. The work may hold therapeutic potential for conditions that are associated with high brown adipose tissue activity and thus lower body mass index (BMI).
Researchers studying disease with human pluripotent stem cells, derived either from human embryos or obtained through directed reprogramming of adult cells, need an efficient way of differentiating them into the relevant adult cell types. In addition, current methods for obtaining white and brown adipocytes from other sources are relatively inefficient. Chad Cowan and colleagues now show that by taking pluripotent stem cells and expressing factors previously linked to adipocyte induction, almost 90% differentiate into brown or white adipocytes in mice. These cells display mature functional properties, including lipid catabolism and responsiveness to insulin, and when placed into mice they develop into ectopic fat pads resembling white or brown adipose tissue.
This research should be of immediate use to scientists interested in studying obesity and other adipocyte-associated disorders.
Author contact:
Chad Cowan (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
Tel: +1 617 671 5950; E-mail: [email protected]
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[4] Genetics: Common genetic basis of skin disorder in golden retrievers and humans
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1056
A rare skin disorder seen in golden retriever dogs and humans shares a common genetic basis, reports a study published online this week in Nature Genetics.
The condition, called congenital ichthyosis, results in generalized scaling of the skin beginning shortly after birth. Catherine André, Judith Fischer and colleagues took advantage of the unique breeding history of dog populations to identify the genetic defect responsible for this skin disorder in golden retriever dogs. They then analyzed the related gene, called PNPLA1, in a collection of human subjects with a similar skin disorder and identified six individuals from two families carrying two disrupted copies of this gene.
PNPLA1 is expressed in the epidermal layer of the skin and appears to be important for maintaining the skin’s barrier function. It belongs to a family of proteins that modify the structure of lipids, including the class of lipids that form the outer membrane of cells.
Author contacts:
Catherine André (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, France)
Tel: +33 2 23 23 45 09; E-mail: [email protected]
Judith Fischer (University Clinic Freiburg, Germany)
E-mail: [email protected]
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[5] Geoscience: Caterpillar-like motion of the Kohat Plateau
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1373
On 20 May 1992, an unusual earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred on an almost horizontal fault plane beneath the Kohat Plateau, Pakistan, reports a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience. This implies that future earthquakes could potentially occur beneath the Plateau – an area that wasn’t highlighted as presenting a risk previously.
Roger Bilham and colleagues use seismic and satellite data to assess the deformation caused during this earthquake. Ordinarily the plateau creeps southwards without causing any large earthquakes. It is presumed that this gradual motion is accommodated by the presence of a viscous layer on the fault slip plane that acts as a lubricant. However, a rupture of this almost horizontal fault plane during the earthquake implies that there the plateau is locally grounded to the underlying rocks and that friction can build up on these patches. The results suggest that the plateau moves forward with a caterpillar-like motion, and with ongoing aseismic creep, more seismic ruptures could occur.
Author contact:
Roger Bilham (University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA)
Tel: +1 303 492 6189; E-mail: [email protected]
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[6] Genetics: Schistosome genome sequence
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1065
The genome sequence of S. haematobium, a prevalent blood fluke that is a cause of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, is reported this week in Nature Genetics.
S. haematobium is one of the three major species causing schistosomiasis in humans, though it is the only one of these species that is associated with the urogenital form of schistosomiasis, and has also been associated with human bladder cancer.
Robin Gasser and colleagues report the whole-genome sequence of S. haematobium. Their comparative genomic studies with the two previously sequenced schistosomes, S. mansoni and S. japonicum, both of which are a cause of intestinal schistosomiasis, identifies features that may explain the lifestyle differences between these species. The authors also characterize the S. haematobium transcriptome, reporting gene expression profiles and specific roles that vary by sex and through the lifecycle from egg to adult stages.
Author contact:
Robin Gasser (University of Melbourne, Australia)
Phone: +61 3 9731 2283; E-mail: [email protected]
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[7] And finally…Geoscience: Titan’s atmospheric layers
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1374
The lower atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan is strongly structured, with two distinct layers that affect wind patterns, dune spacing and cloud formation, reports a paper published online this week in Nature Geoscience.
Benjamin Charnay and Sébastien Lebonnois used a three-dimensional climate model of Titan’s dense atmosphere (albeit without an active methane cycle) to study the layering in the moon’s lowermost atmosphere. Model simulations reconcile observations from the Huygens probe with independent and apparently incompatible measurements obtained by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, the Cassini orbiter, and dune spacing analyses.
In the simulations of Titan’s atmosphere, a shallow boundary layer of about 800 m depth develops on a daily scale, in addition to a 2-km-deep layer that is generated over a season. The authors conclude that in terms of its daily cycle, Titan is more similar to an Earth-like world than we thought.
Author contact:
Benjamin Charnay (CNRS, Paris, France)
Tel: +33 1 4427 4972; E-mail: [email protected]
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Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
Nature (http://www.nature.com/nature)
[8] Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry quantifies stem cell division and metabolism
DOI: 10.1038/nature10734
[9] Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry reveals slow protein turnover in hair-cell stereocilia
DOI: 10.1038/nature10745
[10] Galectin 8 targets damaged vesicles for autophagy to defend cells against bacterial invasion
DOI: 10.1038/nature10744
[11] A novel sensor to map auxin response and distribution at high spatio-temporal resolution
DOI: 10.1038/nature10791
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology)
[12] Generation of human vascular smooth muscle subtypes provides insight into embryological origin–dependent disease susceptibility
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2107
[13] Three-dimensional reconstruction of protein networks provides insight into human genetic disease
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2106
[14] Gap junction inhibition prevents drug-induced liver toxicity and fulminant hepatic failure
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2089
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nchembio)
[15] Chemical chaperones assist intracellular folding to buffer mutational variations
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.768
[16] Evidence for dynamics in proteins as a mechanism for ligand dissociation
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.769
NATURE CHEMISTRY (http://www.nature.com/nchem)
[17] Controlling on-surface polymerization by hierarchical and substrate-directed growth
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1242
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (http://www.nature.com/nclimate)
[18] The impact of climate change on global tropical cyclone damage
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1357
[19] Near-future carbon dioxide levels alter fish behaviour by interfering with neurotransmitter function
DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1352
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[20] Genomic and metabolic prediction of complex heterotic traits in hybrid maize
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1033
[21] CEP41 is mutated in Joubert syndrome and is required for tubulin glutamylation at the cilium
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1078
[22] The human porphyrin transporter ABCB6 is dispensable for erythropoiesis but responsible for the new blood group system Langereis
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1069
[23] Null alleles of ABCG2 encoding the breast cancer resistance protein define the new blood group system Junior
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1070
[24] ABCG2 null alleles define the Jr(a−) blood group phenotype
DOI: 10.1038/ng.1075
NATURE GEOSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/ngeo)
[25] Sustained losses of bioavailable nitrogen from montane tropical forests
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1372
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[26] Structural basis for the killing of human beta cells by CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes
DOI:10.1038/ni.2206
Nature MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[27] Single atom substitution in mouse protein kinase G eliminates oxidant sensing to cause hypertension
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2603
[28] Cidea is an essential transcriptional coactivator regulating mammary gland secretion of milk lipids
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2614
[29] Molecular imaging via novel application of fluorescent lectins permits rapid endoscopic identification of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2616
[30] An essential role for TH2-type responses in limiting acute tissue damage during experimental helminth infection
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2628
NATURE METHODS (http://www.nature.com/nmeth)
[31] Controlling airborne cues to study small animal navigation
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1853
[32] Serial two-photon tomography: an automated method for ex vivo mouse brain imaging
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1854
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/nnano)
[33] Electrophoretically induced aqueous flow through single-walled carbon nanotube membranes
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.240
[34] Ultrafast hot-carrier-dominated photocurrent in graphene
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.243
Nature NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[35] Preferential encoding of visual categories in parietal cortex compared to prefrontal cortex
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3016
[36] Persistent cortical plasticity by upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulfation
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3023
[37] Regulation of neuronal input transformations by tunable dendritic inhibition
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3024
[38] A single GluN2 subunit residue controls NMDA receptor channel properties via intersubunit interaction
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3025
[39] Psd-95 is post-transcriptionally repressed during early neural development by PTBP1 and PTBP2
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3026
[40] A role of mDia, a Rho-regulated actin nucleator, in tangential migration of interneuron precursors
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3020
NATURE PHOTONICS (http://www.nature.com/nphoton)
[41] Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.326
[42] Greatly enhanced continuous-wave terahertz emission by nano-electrodes in a photoconductive photomixer
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.322
[43] X-ray pump optical probe cross-correlation study of GaAs
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.327
Nature PHYSICS (http://www.nature.com/naturephysics)
[44] Experimental demonstration of a universally valid error–disturbance uncertainty relation in spin measurements
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2194
[45] Fermionic transport and out-of-equilibrium dynamics in a homogeneous Hubbard model with ultracold atoms
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2205
Nature STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[46] Structures of LeuT in bicelles define conformation and substrate binding in a membrane-like context
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2215
[47] Experimental conditions can obscure the second high-affinity site in LeuT
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2197
[48] Newly folded substrates inside the molecular cage of the HtrA chaperone DegQ
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2210
[49] Phosphorylation-dependent activity of the deubiquitinase DUBA
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2206
[50] The splicing factor SRSF1 regulates apoptosis and proliferation to promote mammary epithelial cell transformation
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2207
[51] Molecular basis for RNA polymerization by Qbeta replicase
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2204
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GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF AUTHORS
The following list of places refers to the whereabouts of authors on the papers numbered in this release. The listing may be for an author's main affiliation, or for a place where they are working temporarily. Please see the PDF of the paper for full details.
AUSTRALIA
Brisbane: 2, 6, 26
Cairns: 6
Clayton: 26
Melbourne: 2, 6
Queensland: 19
Sydney: 6
AUSTRIA
Graz: 4
Vienna: 44, 48
BELGIUM
Ghent: 11
BRAZIL
Belo Horizonte: 6
CANADA:
Toronto: 50
Winnipeg: 24
CHINA
Shanghai: 50
Shenzhen: 6
DENMARK
Copenhagen: 39
EGYPT
Dokki: 21
FRANCE
Cesson-Sevigne: 4
Evry: 4
Grenoble: 48
Limonest: 4
Lomme: 4
Lyon: 4, 11
Maisons-Alfort: 23
Nantes: 4
Paris: 4, 7, 21, 22, 23
Rennes: 4
Strasbourg: 37
Toulouse: 4
GERMANY
Berlin: 3, 17
Cologne: 45
Essen: 48
Freiburg: 4
Garching: 17, 45
Gatersleben: 20
Goettingen: 9
Hamburg: 41
Heidelberg: 4
Mainz: 45
Munich: 45
Postdam: 20
Stuttgart: 20
HONG KONG
Hong Kong: 34
INDIA
Delhi: 15
Hyderabad: 5
ISRAEL
Jerusalem: 50
Rehovot: 1
ITALY
Messina: 21
Rome: 21
San Giovanni Rotondo: 21
Torregrande: 19
Trento: 23
Trieste: 17
JAPAN
Hamamatsu: 21
Ibaraki: 51
Kobe: 36, 40
Kumamoto: 40
Kyoto: 40
Nagoya: 36, 40, 44
Niigata: 40
Okazaki: 36
Osaka: 22
Saitama: 51
Sapporo: 23
Tokyo: 36, 40
NETHERLANDS
Leiden: 26
Maastricht: 13
NORWAY
Oslo: 19
PORTUGAL
Porto: 21
QATAR
Doha: 3
SINGAPORE
Singapore: 6, 42
SPAIN
Madrid: 21
SAUDI ARABIA
Jeddah: 20
SWITZERLAND
Zurich: 21
UNITED KINGDOM
Cardiff: 26
Cambridge: 8, 9, 10, 12, 41, 45
Leeds: 11, 21
London: 6, 8, 26, 42, 48
Nottingham: 11, 45
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
California
Berkeley: 38
La Jolla: 21
Los Angeles: 21, 39
San Francisco: 3, 49
Colorado
Boulder: 1, 5
Connecticut
New Haven: 18, 31
District of Columbia
Washington: 6
Illinois
Chicago: 35, 43
Indiana
West Lafayette: 43
Kansas
Pittsburgh: 38
Kentucky
Lexington: 33
Maine
Portland: 46
Maryland
Baltimore: 1
Greenbelt: 1
Massachusetts
Boston: 3, 8, 9, 14
Cambridge: 3, 8, 9, 14, 18, 31, 32
Michigan
Ann Arbor: 21, 38
Minnesota
Minneapolis: 9
Montana
Bozeman: 25
New Jersey
Piscataway: 14
Princeton: 25
New York
Cold Spring Harbor: 32, 50
Ithaca: 13
New York: 13, 21, 24, 37, 47, 50
North Carolina
Chapel Hill: 16
Durham: 33
Pennsylvania
Avondale: 25
Texas
Austin: 37
Utah
Salt Lake City: 3
Vermont
Burlington: 22, 23
Virginia
Ashburn: 37
Washington
Seattle: 21, 34
URUGUAY
Montevideo: 6
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PRESS CONTACTS…
For media inquiries relating to embargo policy for all the Nature Research Journals:
Rachel Twinn (Nature London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4658; E-mail: [email protected]
Neda Afsarmanesh (Nature New York)
Tel: +1 212 726 9231; E-mail: [email protected]
Ruth Francis (Head of Press, Nature, London)
Tel: +44 20 7843 4562; E-mail: [email protected]
For media inquiries relating to editorial content/policy for the Nature Research Journals, please contact the journals individually:
Nature Biotechnology (New York)
Michael Francisco
Tel: +1 212 726 9288; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Cell Biology (London)
Sowmya Swaminathan
Tel: +44 20 7843 4656; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemical Biology (Boston)
Elissa Bolt
Tel: +1 617 475 9241, E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Chemistry (London)
Stuart Cantrill
Tel: +44 20 7014 4018; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Climate Change (London)
Olive Heffernan
Tel: +44 20 7014 4009; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Genetics (New York)
Myles Axton
Tel: +1 212 726 9324; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Geoscience (London)
Heike Langenberg
Tel: +44 20 7843 4042; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Immunology (New York)
Laurie Dempsey
Tel: +1 212 726 9372; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Materials (London)
Vincent Dusastre
Tel: +44 20 7843 4531; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Medicine (New York)
Juan Carlos Lopez
Tel: +1 212 726 9325; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Methods (New York)
Hugh Ash
Tel: +1 212 726 9627; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Nanotechnology (London)
Peter Rodgers
Tel: +44 20 7014 4019; Email: [email protected]
Nature Neuroscience (New York)
Kalyani Narasimhan
Tel: +1 212 726 9319; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Photonics (Tokyo)
Oliver Graydon
Tel: +81 3 3267 8776; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Physics (London)
Alison Wright
Tel: +44 20 7843 4555; E-mail: [email protected]
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (New York)
Ines Chen
Tel: +1 212 726 9326; E-mail: [email protected]
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